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David Bertermann
Geo-Centre of Northern Bavaria, Chair of Geology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany

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Review
Published: 27 May 2021 in Sustainability
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Low temperature district heating and cooling networks (5GDHC) in combination with very shallow geothermal energy potentials enable the complete renewable heating and cooling supply of settlements up to entire city districts. With the help of 5GDHC, heating and cooling can be distributed at a low temperature level with almost no distribution losses and made useable to consumers via decentralized heat pumps (HP). Numerous renewable heat sources, from wastewater heat exchangers and low-temperature industrial waste heat to borehole heat exchangers and large-scale geothermal collector systems (LSC), can be used for these networks. The use of large-scale geothermal collector systems also offers the opportunity to shift heating and cooling loads seasonally, contributing to flexibility in the heating network. In addition, the soil can be cooled below freezing point due to the strong regeneration caused by the solar irradiation. Multilayer geothermal collector systems can be used to deliberately generate excessive cooling of individual areas in order to provide cooling energy for residential buildings, office complexes or industrial applications. Planning these systems requires expertise and understanding regarding the interaction of these technologies in the overall system. This paper provides a summary of experience in planning 5GDHC with large-scale geothermal collector systems as well as other renewable heat sources.

ACS Style

Robin Zeh; Björn Ohlsen; David Philipp; David Bertermann; Tim Kotz; Nikola Jocić; Volker Stockinger. Large-Scale Geothermal Collector Systems for 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling Networks. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6035 .

AMA Style

Robin Zeh, Björn Ohlsen, David Philipp, David Bertermann, Tim Kotz, Nikola Jocić, Volker Stockinger. Large-Scale Geothermal Collector Systems for 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling Networks. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (11):6035.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Robin Zeh; Björn Ohlsen; David Philipp; David Bertermann; Tim Kotz; Nikola Jocić; Volker Stockinger. 2021. "Large-Scale Geothermal Collector Systems for 5th Generation District Heating and Cooling Networks." Sustainability 13, no. 11: 6035.

Journal article
Published: 04 May 2021 in Energies
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To meet the stated climate change targets and to ensure the capability of meeting the current and future energy demands, there is an urgent need to develop renewable energy sources, such as geothermal systems. If geothermal systems are to be cost-efficient and are to enjoy public confidence, it is essential that they are designed and installed in accordance with the prevailing site-specific conditions. A thorough understanding of the thermal behaviour of the surrounding ground is, therefore, critical. In this work, we investigated temperature and its evolution in the vicinity of a shallow geothermal helix-shaped borehole heat exchanger (BHE). To measure the temperature close to the actual geothermal system, an additional U-tube probe was installed at the edge of the same borehole. A thermal load was then applied to the BHE, and the temperature was detected in the nearby U-tube. The temperature measurements were made with a GEOSniff monitoring device. To understand these localised temperature measurements in the context of the Valencia test site, ERT measurements were also performed. The GEOSniff device permits measurements to be made with very high depth resolution, which allows the thermal properties of the surrounding ground to be derived precisely, thus, enabling the identification of the different textural domains.

ACS Style

Hans Schwarz; Borja Badenes; Jan Wagner; José Cuevas; Javier Urchueguía; David Bertermann. A Case Study of Thermal Evolution in the Vicinity of Geothermal Probes Following a Distributed TRT Method. Energies 2021, 14, 2632 .

AMA Style

Hans Schwarz, Borja Badenes, Jan Wagner, José Cuevas, Javier Urchueguía, David Bertermann. A Case Study of Thermal Evolution in the Vicinity of Geothermal Probes Following a Distributed TRT Method. Energies. 2021; 14 (9):2632.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hans Schwarz; Borja Badenes; Jan Wagner; José Cuevas; Javier Urchueguía; David Bertermann. 2021. "A Case Study of Thermal Evolution in the Vicinity of Geothermal Probes Following a Distributed TRT Method." Energies 14, no. 9: 2632.

Journal article
Published: 15 April 2020 in Applied Sciences
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Energetic stability is a precondition for a regular functioning of society and economy. Actual climate change raised the awareness of population and policy makers about the importance of exploited energy sources. Renewable energy sources are revealed as the solution which should satisfy both needs—a need for energetic stability, as well as a need for producing ‘clean’ and ‘sustainable’ energy, and therefore reduce humans’ influence on the climate change. Very shallow geothermal energy offers wide range for utilization, among others for heating and cooling living spaces. This article shows potentials of low temperature heating system networks in a small Serbian town of Ub. In addition to technical possibilities, this article combines geographical and social, as well as political and economic circumstances in the town of Ub, which emerge as a result of a complex (post-socialist) transitional vortex.

ACS Style

Nikola Jocić; Johannes Müller; Tea Požar; David Bertermann. Renewable Energy Sources in a Post-Socialist Transitional Environment: The Influence of Social Geographic Factors on Potential Utilization of Very Shallow Geothermal Energy within Heating Systems in Small Serbian Town of Ub. Applied Sciences 2020, 10, 2739 .

AMA Style

Nikola Jocić, Johannes Müller, Tea Požar, David Bertermann. Renewable Energy Sources in a Post-Socialist Transitional Environment: The Influence of Social Geographic Factors on Potential Utilization of Very Shallow Geothermal Energy within Heating Systems in Small Serbian Town of Ub. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10 (8):2739.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nikola Jocić; Johannes Müller; Tea Požar; David Bertermann. 2020. "Renewable Energy Sources in a Post-Socialist Transitional Environment: The Influence of Social Geographic Factors on Potential Utilization of Very Shallow Geothermal Energy within Heating Systems in Small Serbian Town of Ub." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8: 2739.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2018 in Soil Systems
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In the field of the efficiency of very shallow geothermal energy systems, there is still a significant need for research activity. To ensure the proper exploitation of this energy resource, the decisive geophysical parameters of soil must be well-known. Within this study, thermal conductivity, as a fundamental property for evaluating the geothermal potential of very shallow geothermal systems, was analyzed and measured with a TK04 device. A dataset, consisting of various geophysical parameters (thermal conductivity, bulk density, water content, and porosity) determined for a large range of different textural soil classes, was collated. In a new approach, the geophysical properties were visualized covering the complete grain size range. The comparison between the measured and calculated thermal conductivity values enabled an investigation with respect to the validity of the different Kersten equations. In the course of this comparison, the influence of effective bulk density was taken into account. In conclusion, both Kersten formulas should be used as recommended and regular bulk density corresponded better to the reference dataset representing the outcomes of the TK04 laboratory measurement. Another objective was to visualize the relation of thermal conductivities within their corresponding textural classes and the validity of Kersten formulas for various bulk densities, depths, and soils. As a result, the accessibility to information for expedient recommendations about the feasibility of very shallow geothermal systems will be improved. Easy, accessible know-how of the fundamentals is important for a growing renewable energy sector where very shallow geothermal installations can also cover heating and cooling demands.

ACS Style

David Bertermann; Johannes Müller; Simon Freitag; Hans Schwarz. Comparison between Measured and Calculated Thermal Conductivities within Different Grain Size Classes and Their Related Depth Ranges. Soil Systems 2018, 2, 50 .

AMA Style

David Bertermann, Johannes Müller, Simon Freitag, Hans Schwarz. Comparison between Measured and Calculated Thermal Conductivities within Different Grain Size Classes and Their Related Depth Ranges. Soil Systems. 2018; 2 (3):50.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Bertermann; Johannes Müller; Simon Freitag; Hans Schwarz. 2018. "Comparison between Measured and Calculated Thermal Conductivities within Different Grain Size Classes and Their Related Depth Ranges." Soil Systems 2, no. 3: 50.

Thematic issue
Published: 16 August 2018 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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The goal of this study was to achieve relations between electrical conductivity and the most influential soil properties which should be transferable to natural field conditions. Electrical conductivity of soil is mainly affected by soil moisture. This, for many soil applications like determination of thermal soil properties, crucial relation is focused within this article. Electrical conductivity was measured in dependency of bulk density and water content by applying a laboratory setup which enables a comparison to natural in-situ conditions. For this purpose, four different pressure loads and up to 12 saturation steps were performed on the textural soil types of sand, silt loam and clay. A comparison between electrical conductivity and saturated pore volume confirms the impact of soil moisture. For the final analysis natural conditions were specified using field capacity ranges and defined bulk densities. With these predetermined ranges of water content and bulk density a healthy regulation for defining natural conditions has been constructed. Due to this generated constraint a soil texture independent relation between electrical conductivity and soil moisture content with a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.95 has been developed. This correlation was also implemented within the developed measurement tool of the GeoSurf project for determining the thermal potential of soil.

ACS Style

David Bertermann; Hans Schwarz. Bulk density and water content-dependent electrical resistivity analyses of different soil classes on a laboratory scale. Environmental Earth Sciences 2018, 77, 570 .

AMA Style

David Bertermann, Hans Schwarz. Bulk density and water content-dependent electrical resistivity analyses of different soil classes on a laboratory scale. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2018; 77 (16):570.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Bertermann; Hans Schwarz. 2018. "Bulk density and water content-dependent electrical resistivity analyses of different soil classes on a laboratory scale." Environmental Earth Sciences 77, no. 16: 570.

Thematic issue
Published: 27 February 2018 in Environmental Earth Sciences
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Nowadays, the energy price fluctuations and the economic crisis are jeopardizing the development and diffusion of renewable technologies and sources. With the aim of both reducing the overall costs of shallow geothermal systems and improving their installation safety, an European project has took place recently, under the Horizon 2020 EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. The acronym of the mentioned project is Cheap-GSHPs, meaning “cheap and efficient application of reliable ground source heat exchangers and pumps”; the Cheap-GSHPs project involves 17 partners among 9 European countries such as Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Romania, Spain and Switzerland. In order to achieve the planned targets, a holistic approach is adopted, where all involved elements that take part of shallow geothermal activities are here integrated. In order to reduce the specific costs of geothermal installations, some newly designed geometries of heat basket-type ground source heat exchanger (GSHE) are modified drastically to receive a better performance of the geothermal installation. Within the sector of very shallow geothermal systems, these new developments are also tested on six representative demonstration sites around Europe. At the German test site in Northern Bavaria, four heat basket-type GSHEs are installed and equipped with certain monitoring systems (moisture, two different temperature sensors) and various backfilling materials of different grain size classes. The different installations will be tested for 12 months to evaluate the best combination of the newly designed heat basket-type GSHE and corresponding backfilling material mixture.

ACS Style

David Bertermann; Adriana Bernardi; Luc Pockelé; Antonio Galgaro; Matteo Cultrera; Michele de Carli; Johannes Müller. European project “Cheap-GSHPs”: installation and monitoring of newly designed helicoidal ground source heat exchanger on the German test site. Environmental Earth Sciences 2018, 77, 180 .

AMA Style

David Bertermann, Adriana Bernardi, Luc Pockelé, Antonio Galgaro, Matteo Cultrera, Michele de Carli, Johannes Müller. European project “Cheap-GSHPs”: installation and monitoring of newly designed helicoidal ground source heat exchanger on the German test site. Environmental Earth Sciences. 2018; 77 (5):180.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Bertermann; Adriana Bernardi; Luc Pockelé; Antonio Galgaro; Matteo Cultrera; Michele de Carli; Johannes Müller. 2018. "European project “Cheap-GSHPs”: installation and monitoring of newly designed helicoidal ground source heat exchanger on the German test site." Environmental Earth Sciences 77, no. 5: 180.

Journal article
Published: 22 January 2018 in Geosciences
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The relatively high installation costs for different types of shallow geothermal energy systems are obstacles that have lowered the impact of geothermal solutions in the renewable energy market. In order to reduce planning costs and obtain a lithological overview of geothermal potentials and drilling conditions, a pan-European geological overview map was created using freely accessible JRC (Joint Research Centre) data and ArcGIS software. JRC data were interpreted and merged together in order to collect information about the expenditure of installing geothermal systems in specific geological set-ups, and thereby select the most economic drilling technique. Within the four-year project of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program, which is known as “Cheap-GSHPs” (the Cheap and efficient application of reliable Ground Source Heat exchangers and Pumps), the most diffused lithologies and corresponding drilling costs were analyzed to provide a 1 km × 1 km raster with the required underground information. The final outline map should be valid throughout Europe, and should respect the INSPIRE (INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe) guidelines.

ACS Style

Johannes Müller; Antonio Galgaro; Giorgia Dalla Santa; Matteo Cultrera; Constantine Karytsas; Dimitrios Mendrinos; Sebastian Pera; Rodolfo Perego; Nick O’Neill; Riccardo Pasquali; Jacques Vercruysse; Leonardo Rossi; Adriana Bernardi; David Bertermann. Generalized Pan-European Geological Database for Shallow Geothermal Installations. Geosciences 2018, 8, 32 .

AMA Style

Johannes Müller, Antonio Galgaro, Giorgia Dalla Santa, Matteo Cultrera, Constantine Karytsas, Dimitrios Mendrinos, Sebastian Pera, Rodolfo Perego, Nick O’Neill, Riccardo Pasquali, Jacques Vercruysse, Leonardo Rossi, Adriana Bernardi, David Bertermann. Generalized Pan-European Geological Database for Shallow Geothermal Installations. Geosciences. 2018; 8 (1):32.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Johannes Müller; Antonio Galgaro; Giorgia Dalla Santa; Matteo Cultrera; Constantine Karytsas; Dimitrios Mendrinos; Sebastian Pera; Rodolfo Perego; Nick O’Neill; Riccardo Pasquali; Jacques Vercruysse; Leonardo Rossi; Adriana Bernardi; David Bertermann. 2018. "Generalized Pan-European Geological Database for Shallow Geothermal Installations." Geosciences 8, no. 1: 32.

Journal article
Published: 18 November 2017 in Energies
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The performance of very shallow geothermal systems (VSGs), interesting the first 2 m of depth from ground level, is strongly correlated to the kind of sediment locally available. These systems are attractive due to their low installation costs, less legal constraints, easy maintenance and possibility for technical improvements. The Improving Thermal Efficiency of horizontal ground heat exchangers Project (ITER) aims to understand how to enhance the heat transfer of the sediments surrounding the pipes and to depict the VSGs behavior in extreme thermal situations. In this regard, five helices were installed horizontally surrounded by five different backfilling materials under the same climatic conditions and tested under different operation modes. The field test monitoring concerned: (a) monthly measurement of thermal conductivity and moisture content on surface; (b) continuous recording of air and ground temperature (inside and outside each helix); (c) continuous climatological and ground volumetric water content (VWC) data acquisition. The interactions between soils, VSGs, environment and climate are presented here, focusing on the differences and similarities between the behavior of the helix and surrounding material, especially when the heat pump is running in heating mode for a very long time, forcing the ground temperature to drop below 0 °C.

ACS Style

Eloisa Di Sipio; David Bertermann. Factors Influencing the Thermal Efficiency of Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers. Energies 2017, 10, 1897 .

AMA Style

Eloisa Di Sipio, David Bertermann. Factors Influencing the Thermal Efficiency of Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers. Energies. 2017; 10 (11):1897.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eloisa Di Sipio; David Bertermann. 2017. "Factors Influencing the Thermal Efficiency of Horizontal Ground Heat Exchangers." Energies 10, no. 11: 1897.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Energy Procedia
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Direct measurements of gravel thermal properties are usually quite challenging to be performed in laboratory, due to the very coarse sediments size. As a consequence, the reference thermal values provided by literature for gravels are quite limited and dispersed. A guarded hot plate Taurus Instruments TLP 800, usually used for measuring the thermal conductivity of buildings materials, was slightly modified in order to measure the thermal conductivity of some gravel samples. The tests were performed both in dry and wet conditions. The paper presents the first obtained results

ACS Style

Giorgia Dalla Santa; Fabio Peron; Antonio Galgaro; Matteo Cultrera; David Bertermann; Johannes Müller; Adriana Bernardi. Laboratory Measurements of Gravel Thermal Conductivity: An Update Methodological Approach. Energy Procedia 2017, 125, 671 -677.

AMA Style

Giorgia Dalla Santa, Fabio Peron, Antonio Galgaro, Matteo Cultrera, David Bertermann, Johannes Müller, Adriana Bernardi. Laboratory Measurements of Gravel Thermal Conductivity: An Update Methodological Approach. Energy Procedia. 2017; 125 ():671-677.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Giorgia Dalla Santa; Fabio Peron; Antonio Galgaro; Matteo Cultrera; David Bertermann; Johannes Müller; Adriana Bernardi. 2017. "Laboratory Measurements of Gravel Thermal Conductivity: An Update Methodological Approach." Energy Procedia 125, no. : 671-677.

Journal article
Published: 01 September 2017 in Energy Procedia
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The Molinella test site is the open-air laboratory of the EU project entitled “Cheap-GSHPs: Cheap and Efficient Application of Reliable Ground Source Heat Exchangers and Pumps”. Here, innovative helical heat baskets and steel coaxial probes are installed next to the traditional double-U. The tests involve the probes design as well as materials and drilling techniques and machines, therefore the newly developed GSHEs can be directly compared with the traditional ones with respect to technical issues and energetic performances.\ud The Molinella test site therefore represents a very extraordinary possibility to improve the knowledge of heat transfer processes in shallow geo-exchange systems

ACS Style

Antonio Galgaro; Giorgia Dalla Santa; Matteo Cultrera; David Bertermann; Johannes Mueller; Michele De Carli; Giuseppe Emmi; Angelo Zarrella; Maria Di Tuccio; Luc Pockelé; Giulia Mezzasalma; Mario Psyk; Davide Righini; Michele Bernini; Adriana Bernardi. EU project “Cheap-GSHPs”: the geoexchange field laboratory. Energy Procedia 2017, 125, 511 -519.

AMA Style

Antonio Galgaro, Giorgia Dalla Santa, Matteo Cultrera, David Bertermann, Johannes Mueller, Michele De Carli, Giuseppe Emmi, Angelo Zarrella, Maria Di Tuccio, Luc Pockelé, Giulia Mezzasalma, Mario Psyk, Davide Righini, Michele Bernini, Adriana Bernardi. EU project “Cheap-GSHPs”: the geoexchange field laboratory. Energy Procedia. 2017; 125 ():511-519.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Antonio Galgaro; Giorgia Dalla Santa; Matteo Cultrera; David Bertermann; Johannes Mueller; Michele De Carli; Giuseppe Emmi; Angelo Zarrella; Maria Di Tuccio; Luc Pockelé; Giulia Mezzasalma; Mario Psyk; Davide Righini; Michele Bernini; Adriana Bernardi. 2017. "EU project “Cheap-GSHPs”: the geoexchange field laboratory." Energy Procedia 125, no. : 511-519.

Journal article
Published: 13 June 2017 in Energies
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The design phase of ground source heat pump systems is an extremely important one as many of the decisions made at that time can affect the system’s energy performance as well as installation and operating costs. The current study examined the interpretation of thermal response testing measurements used to evaluate the equivalent ground thermal conductivity and thus to design the system. All the measurements were taken at the same geological site located in Molinella, Bologna (Italy) where a variety of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) had been installed and investigated within the project Cheap-GSHPs (Cheap and efficient application of reliable Ground Source Heat exchangers and Pumps) of the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program. The measurements were initially analyzed in accordance with the common interpretation based on the first-order approximation of the solution for the infinite line source model and then by utilizing the complete solutions of both the infinite line and cylinder source models. An inverse numerical approach based on a detailed model that considers the current geometry of the BHE and the axial heat transfer as well as the effect of weather on the ground surface was also used. Study findings revealed that the best result was generally obtained using the inverse numerical interpretation.

ACS Style

Angelo Zarrella; Giuseppe Emmi; Samantha Graci; Michele De Carli; Matteo Cultrera; Giorgia Dalla Santa; Antonio Galgaro; David Bertermann; Johannes Müller; Luc Pockelé; Giulia Mezzasalma; Davide Righini; Mario Psyk; Adriana Bernardi. Thermal Response Testing Results of Different Types of Borehole Heat Exchangers: An Analysis and Comparison of Interpretation Methods. Energies 2017, 10, 801 .

AMA Style

Angelo Zarrella, Giuseppe Emmi, Samantha Graci, Michele De Carli, Matteo Cultrera, Giorgia Dalla Santa, Antonio Galgaro, David Bertermann, Johannes Müller, Luc Pockelé, Giulia Mezzasalma, Davide Righini, Mario Psyk, Adriana Bernardi. Thermal Response Testing Results of Different Types of Borehole Heat Exchangers: An Analysis and Comparison of Interpretation Methods. Energies. 2017; 10 (6):801.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Angelo Zarrella; Giuseppe Emmi; Samantha Graci; Michele De Carli; Matteo Cultrera; Giorgia Dalla Santa; Antonio Galgaro; David Bertermann; Johannes Müller; Luc Pockelé; Giulia Mezzasalma; Davide Righini; Mario Psyk; Adriana Bernardi. 2017. "Thermal Response Testing Results of Different Types of Borehole Heat Exchangers: An Analysis and Comparison of Interpretation Methods." Energies 10, no. 6: 801.

Journal article
Published: 25 April 2017 in International Agrophysics
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Gathering information about soil properties in an efficient way is essential for many soil applications also for very shallow geothermal systems (e.g. collector systems or heat baskets). In the field, electrical resistivity tomogramphy measurements enable non-invasive and extensive analyses regarding the determination of soil properties. For a better understanding of measured electrical resistivity values in relation to soil properties within this study, a laboratory setup was developed. The structure of this laboratory setup is geared to gather electrical resistivity or rather electrical conductivity values which are directly comparable to data measured in the field. Within this setup grain size distribution, moisture content, and bulk density, which are the most important soil parameters affecting the electrical resistivity, can be adjusted. In terms of a better estimation of the geothermal capability of soil, thermal conductivity measurements were also implemented within the laboratory test sequence. The generated data reveals the serious influence of the water content and also provides a huge impact of the bulk density on the electrical as well as on the thermal conductivity. Furthermore, different behaviour patterns of electrical and thermal conductivity in their particular relation to the different soil parameters could be identified.

ACS Style

David Bertermann; Hans Schwarz. Laboratory device to analyse the impact of soil properties on electrical and thermal conductivity. International Agrophysics 2017, 31, 157 -166.

AMA Style

David Bertermann, Hans Schwarz. Laboratory device to analyse the impact of soil properties on electrical and thermal conductivity. International Agrophysics. 2017; 31 (2):157-166.

Chicago/Turabian Style

David Bertermann; Hans Schwarz. 2017. "Laboratory device to analyse the impact of soil properties on electrical and thermal conductivity." International Agrophysics 31, no. 2: 157-166.