Coastal erosion is a natural phenomenon that is becoming a growing problem along coastlines around the world. In this research, the evolution of two beaches located in Benidorm (Spain) has been studied: Poniente Beach and Levante Beach. Both have similar characteristics, but present a different morphological behaviour. An analysis of shoreline evolution has been carried out using aerial images. Then, waves and incident storms were studied and, finally, a sedimentological analysis was performed. From the results obtained, the eastern zone of Poniente Beach presents higher rates of erosion than the western zone. This erosion trend disappeared in the last analysed period due to a change in the incoming wave regime. A decrease in the frequency of waves coming from the east caused the erosion and tilting suffered by this beach. In Levante Beach, the intensity of the waves was reduced, making erosion rates lower. Furthermore, important differences were found from the sedimentological study, such as the lack of homogeneity in sediment grain sizes and a worse wear behaviour on Poniente Beach compared to Levante Beach, which means that these two beaches behave differently facing erosion. This accurate knowledge of the factors mentioned will provide adequate tools for its future management. Graphical Abstract

This study proposes a new method to more effectively plan the use of beaches by combining indices and artificial vision systems. The Overcrowding Index (I_ocr) measures the number of people on the beach in relation to its surface area, while the Distancing Index (I_dis) evaluates the spatial distribution and distance between beachgoers. Both indices are combined to generate an overall index called the Occupancy Index (I_ocu). The proposed methodology uses cameras and computer vision algorithms such as YOLOX and ByteTrack to automate the counting of people and measure distances. This allows for continuous monitoring of the quantity (carrying capacity and density) and distribution of beachgoers (degree of social distancing), as well as a functional prototype in which the indices are calculated in real time. It was observed that as density increased, Iocr showed an inverse trend, being close to 0 when approaching maximum density. The calculation of the distance between groups validated that, even with medium densities, close to the shoreline, the reference distance of 2 m was not accomplished, obtaining a very low I_dis (0.18). The resulting I_ocu was 0.31, validating the appropriate integration of both indices. Overall, the system's effectiveness for accurately monitoring the number of users and their distribution, and calculating the defined indices for beach management, is demonstrated. The proposed approach provides a valuable tool, allowing a more efficient management of beaches according to their actual occupancy and user distribution.

Hybrid railway assets such as workshops and depots combine building, mechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP)/industrial, and linear infrastructure domains, increasing coordination complexity and challenging continuity from the Project Information Model (PIM) to the Asset Information Model (AIM). Although Employer’s Information Requirements (EIR), Asset Information Requirements (AIR), and the BIM Execution Plan (BEP) prescribe deliverables and processes, a persistent gap remains between documentary prescriptions and the auditable evidence needed to support traceable decisions within the Common Data Environment (CDE). This paper proposes an ISO 19650-aligned governance framework that operationalizes the EIR/AIR → BEP → CDE transition by: (i) structuring the asset using Functional Units (FUs) as a stable anchor for PIM → AIM continuity; and (ii) implementing a pre-Published Quality Gate that separates control into three non-substitutable dimensions (spatial, semantic, and data). The approach is implemented as a tool-neutral, reproducible workflow (inputs → checks → outputs → publish) and produces a minimal, persistent evidence package in the CDE (file-level report, package summary, publish/hold decision record, and Nonconformity Report (NCR)/BIM Collaboration Format (BCF) traceability), with explicit roles governing the Shared → Published transition. Across 22 Industry Foundation Classes (IFC), deliverables from two depot cases and multiple delivery states, All Gates Pass ranged from 25.0% to 44.4% depending on Case × State; overall, 14/22 deliverables (63.6%) would be held pending correction under the gate. Although validated on Spanish railway depots, the framework is grounded in ISO/openBIM standards and is designed for transferability to other international contexts and complex asset types where multidisciplinary federation and PIM → AIM continuity pose similar challenges.