Mobile robotics has been used in recent years to provide various types of services in fields such as agriculture, surveillance, rehabilitation, space exploration, and logistics, among others. In many cases, mobile robots need to overcome complex obstacles where traditional wheels are not the best solution, and many researchers have proposed legged wheel hybrid designs. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the effect of the geometry of legged wheels on the performance of mobile robots in climbing stairs. The method used to develop this research is dynamic simulation, in which the parameters that affect the kinematics and dynamics of the robot are included. Subsequently, the results of how the robot manages to perform the test, the torque of the motors, and the contact force of the wheels are analyzed. The main hypothesis of this research is that the opening of the legs of the wheels is a geometric parameter that determines whether the structure will be able to climb the stairs. After 63 simulations, the proportional relationship between the diagonal of the stands and the opening of the wheel legs ranges between 1.11 and 1.53. This parameter showed a strong correlation with the torque of the motors and significant differences in terms of the simulations that succeeded in climbing the stairs and those that did not. These results were used to state a design method for flat, robotic structures using legged wheels. This method was validated by an additional simulation that was performed for a four-legged wheel. It can be concluded that the contribution of this work is a series of steps with which to design these mechanical structures to climb the stairs based on the proposed indicator.

Introducción: El sector logístico requiere más eficiencia y calidad en sus operaciones, permitiendo que los procesos se apoyen en soluciones automatizadas y robotizadas y poder cumplir con las entregas de pedidos a clientes. El objetivo del estudio fue aplicar como práctica de clase un diseño de distribución y procesos de laboratorio de sistemas logísticos asistidos por robots colaborativos para la simulación del almacenamiento y preparación de pedidos en un centro de distribución manejado por alumnos de la Universidad Tecnológica Centroamericana en Honduras. Métodos: Se diseñó un laboratorio para simular un centro de distribución o almacén, con actividades de recibo de embarques y almacenaje, preparación, procesamiento y despacho de pedidos. Resultados: El equipo más eficiente (equipo 5) fue el que terminó el procesamiento de pedidos en menor tiempo. Sin embargo, este equipo también fue el que tuvo más mermas. Conclusión: La experiencia contribuyó con la promoción de automatización en process logísticos. Los alumnos aprendieron sobre la importancia que tiene el manejo de estrategias, tiempos y satisfacción al cliente en la logística.

The lack of wastewater treatment in Honduras is a problem that affects the entire country, even the most important cities such as San Pedro Sula. It has been found that this city does not have water treatment plants, and its rivers are polluted. The Blanco River is one of them, which is reported to be destroyed by the contamination present in the water flowing through it. The electrocoagulation method is a tool used to treat contaminants in water. The purpose of the research is to demonstrate the most efficient way to use the electrocoagulation method for the decontamination of the Blanco River. To do so, the variables of voltage and time at different levels were taken into consideration to check the optimal combination of these variables and to obtain a complete removal of total coliforms. The turbidity indexes found in each of the tests, electrode consumption and energy consumption were also calculated. The levels for voltage were 10 V, 15 V, 20 V and 25 V; on the other hand, the levels for time were 1 min, 5 min, 10 min and 15 min. It was decided to apply a full factorial design to visualize the relationship of the factors and the best combination of these. Once the design was applied, it was concluded that the best combination of voltage and time to apply in the electrocoagulation method is 15 V for 15 min, which ensures a complete removal of total coliforms with an energy consumption of 0.25 kWh/m^3. In water turbidity, the results showed fluctuations in the indices of the samples taken, so it is not considered a determining factor in the measurement of water contamination. On the other hand, the electrode consumption before and after each run was calculated; these did not present significant changes, so electrode consumption was minimal.

Nowadays there are many mechatronic systems that interact with organic systems, among them robots have been enhanced by advances in artificial intelligence and their mechanical design. This interaction between mechatronic systems and organic systems is currently under study since many occasions mechatronic systems can be unreliable. Therefore, the objective of this work is to measure the confidence of students of different grades in mechatronic systems known as robots. For this purpose, an instrument for measuring confidence in automation of eleven questions was used, to which the normality test and the paired sample t-test were performed to demonstrate the significant differences between the grades of study. Finally, it was concluded that there are significant differences with the PhD students and most of the other degrees. Therefore, the level of knowledge generates greater confidence in the robots.

This paper analyzes the legal, economic and management aspects of solid waste management, with a special emphasis on e-waste. Legal regulations, such as international directives and conventions, play a crucial role in mitigating environmental risks and promoting sustainable practices. Economically, e-waste management presents opportunities to recover valuable materials and generate employment in recycling and reuse sectors. From a management perspective, the implementation of policies such as Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) forces manufacturers to take an active role in the life cycle of their products. The report highlights the need for harmonized legal frameworks and effective management strategies to address global solid waste challenges, maximizing economic efficiency and minimizing environmental impacts.

This report highlights the global e-waste problem, projected to reach 74.7 million tons by 2030 due to mass consumption and technological obsolescence. E-waste poses environmental and social risks, releasing hazardous substances like lead and mercury while wasting valuable materials such as gold and copper. Europe leads with a 42.5% recycling rate due to its advanced infrastructure and strict regulations, while Africa lags with only 0.9%. The Americas and Asia show moderate progress at 9.4% and 11.7%, but still face significant structural and regulatory challenges. To address this, the report emphasizes the need for investments in infrastructure, uniform policies, and educational campaigns to promote sustainable e-waste management, recover valuable resources, and reduce environmental and health impacts.