The increasing need for sustainable agricultural practices, combined with the demand for enhanced crop productivity, has led to a growing interest in utilizing microorganisms for biocontrol of diseases and pests, as well as for growth promotion. In Brazilian agriculture, the use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) has become increasingly prevalent, with a corresponding rise in the number of registered microbial inoculants each year. PGPR and PGPF occupy diverse niches within the rhizosphere, playing a crucial role in soil nutrient cycling and influencing a wide range of plant physiological processes. This review examines the primary mechanisms employed by these microbial agents to promote growth, as well as the strategy of co-inoculation to enhance product efficacy. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the microbial inoculants currently available in Brazil, detailing the microorganisms accessible for major crops, and discuss the market’s prospects for the research and development of novel products in light of current challenges faced in the coming years.

The demand for a more sustainable agriculture, coupled with the need for optimized crop productivity, has driven the use of microorganisms for the biocontrol of diseases and pests, as well as for growth promotion. The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) in Brazilian production systems has become increasingly common, with the number of microbial inoculant registrations in the country growing every year. PGPR and PGPF occupy various niches in the rhizosphere, playing a crucial role in soil nutrient cycling, as well as influencing various plant physiological processes. In this review, we address the main mechanisms used by these microbial agents in growth promotion and the use of strain co-inoculation as a strategy to enhance the efficacy of these products. Subsequently, we conduct an analysis of the available inoculants in Brazil, detailing the microorganisms available for the main Brazilian crops, and the prospects of this market regarding research and development of new products for the coming years based on the current challenges faced.

Acinetobacter baumannii emerged as one of the most important pathogens for the development of new antimicrobials due to the worldwide detection of isolates resistant to all commercial antibiotics, especially in nosocomial infections. Biofilm formation enhances A. baumannii survival by impairing antimicrobial action, being an important target for new antimicrobials. Fluopsin C (FlpC) is an organocupric secondary metabolite with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. This study aimed to evaluate the antibiofilm activity of FlpC in established biofilms of extensively drug-resistant A. baumannii (XDRAb) and the effects of its combination with polymyxin B (PolB) on planktonic cells. XDRAb susceptibility profiles were determined by Vitek 2 Compact, disk diffusion, and broth microdilution. FlpC and PolB interaction was assessed using the microdilution checkerboard method and time–kill kinetics. Biofilms of XDRAb characterization and removal by FlpC exposure were assessed by biomass staining with crystal violet. Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy was used to determine the temporal removal of the biofilms using DAPI, and cell viability using live/dead staining. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of FlpC on XDRAb was 3.5 µg mL⁻¹. Combining FlpC + PolB culminated in an additive effect, increasing bacterial susceptibility to both antibiotics. FlpC-treated 24 h biofilms reached a major biomass removal of 92.40 ± 3.38% (isolate 230) using 7.0 µg mL⁻¹ FlpC. Biomass removal occurred significantly over time through the dispersion of the extracellular matrix and decreasing cell number and viability. This is the first report of FlpC’s activity on XDRAb and the compound showed a promissory response on planktonic and sessile cells, making it a candidate for the development of a new antimicrobial product.

Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance has become a global concern, and few new antimicrobials are currently being developed. Fluopsin C has proven broad-spectrum activity, being a promising candidate for new antimicrobial development. To optimize antimicrobial activity, this research aimed at fluopsin C (Flp) encapsulation in liposomes to achieve controlled release and reduce cytotoxicity. Methods: Liposomal formulations were prepared by extruding formulations based on soy phosphatidylcholine (SPC) or poly (ethylene glycol)-distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE-PEG) plus cholesterol, and were characterized by their size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, shelf-life stability, in vitro release profile, cytotoxicity, and antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae in vitro and in vivo. Results: The results indicated that the DSPE-PEG DMSO+Flp formulation presented superior physicochemical stability and unaltered antimicrobial activity. In vitro, CC₅₀ decreased by 54%. No lethal dose was obtained in mice within the concentration range tested. The most effective doses in vivo were 2 × 2 mg/kg for free fluopsin C and 1 × 2 mg/kg for DSPE-PEG DMSO+Flp, resulting in a 40% reduction in mortality from bacteremia. Only discrete inflammatory infiltration was detected in the liver, while kidney necrosis ranged from discrete to moderate. Encapsulation of fluopsin C in liposomes showed promising features supporting to use against infections by MDR K. pneumoniae.