Objectives: To study the role of biological markers of immunothrombosis and polymorphisms of cytokine genesIL2,IL6,IL10and their influence on the severity of COVID-19 in a Kazakh population.Methods: A total of 301 patients of Kazakh nationality with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 participated in the retrospective study, including 142 patients with severe and 159 with a mild course. Single nucleotide polymorphismsIL2Rrs1801274,IL6rs2069840, andIL10rs1800872 were genotyped by real-time PCR. Activated partial thromboplastin time, normalized ratio, prothrombin index, prothrombin time, fibrinogen prothrombin time, fibrinogen, D-dimer, and C-reactive protein analysis were also conducted.Results: The average age of patients with severe COVID-19 is higher than of patients with mild COVID-19 (p= 0.03). The findings showed that fibrinogen, D-dimer, and C-reactive protein were significantly greater in the group of patients with severe COVID-19 (p= 0.0001). A very strong correlation between the severity of COVID-19 with the D-dimer and C-reactive protein (p= 0.9) (p= 0.02) was found.Conclusion: The results of our study confirm that D-dimer, fibrinogen, and CRP are biomarkers of inflammation and hypercoagulation that serve as predictors of immunothrombosis affecting the severity of COVID-19. D-dimer is also associated withIL10rs1800872 gene polymorphism in the Kazakh population with severe COVID-19.

Background: Environmental problems can significantly influence population health. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death in developed countries including in Kazakhstan. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between exposure to ionizing radiation and mortality risks from major CVDs for the population of Kazakhstan living in areas adjacent to the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site (SNTS). Materials and Methods: The study of the structure and dynamics of cardiovascular mortality was based on the State Scientific Automated Medical Registry (SSAMR) database. Among members of the exposed group, the median equivalent radiation dose was 864.0 mSv, compared to 64.4 mSv in the control group. It should be noted that almost the entire population of the Semipalatinsk region was exposed to some degree of radiation; however, the Kokpekti district received the lowest radiation doses. Results: Mortality rates from CVD were statistically significantly higher in the radiation-exposed population from 1960 to 1994, with RR fluctuating from 1.118 to 8.7. The predominant mortality events were chronic coronary heart disease, chronic cerebrovascular disease, and hemorrhagic stroke throughout the study period, and acute myocardial infarction within 20 years of the start of nuclear testing. In the exposed group, RR = 10.35 for chronic cerebrovascular disease, RR = 3.56 for hemorrhagic stroke, and RR = 5.77 for peripheral arterial atherosclerosis. A dose of 100–500 mSv increased the risk of mortality from CVD by 3.14 times, and a dose of >600 mSv increased it by 7.05 times. Conclusions: A link has been established between long-term exposure to ionizing radiation and increased risks of mortality from CVD in the population of areas contaminated with radiation as a result of nuclear testing.

Background: To study the association of radiation risk in the 2nd –3rd generations with polymorphisms in the genes CYP1A1, CYP2E1, GSTP1 and changes in the thyroid. Methods: 5 polymorphic gene variants (rs1048943, rs4646421, rs2070676, rs3813867, rs1695) were studied in 399 people living in the East Kazakhstan region in this research. 248 people of the 2nd - 3rd generation lived in the territory with radiation exposure in Abai, Borodulikha areas, and 151 people the comparison group lived in Kurchum district without radiation exposure comparable in sex and age with control group. Results: The results show that there is a significant association of rs1048943 in exposed and unexposed groups (p < 0.003), and the absence of association of rs4646421, rs2070676, rs3813867, rs1695 in the studied groups. The mean value of thyroxine in carriers of the AG + GG genotype of rs4646421 is significantly lower than in AA genotype carriers (p = 0.04); no significant changes were found in genotypes’ distribution with thyroid-stimulating hormone and anti-thyroid peroxidase indicators. Significant changes were in levels of anti-thyroid peroxidase between exposed and unexposed groups (p = 0.007). The thyroxine - thyroid-stimulating hormone levels were not significantly different in exposed and unexposed groups (p > 0.3). Conclusions: This study demonstrated the association of rs1048943 polymorphism with living in the radiation zone in the 2nd and 3rd generations for the first time. Thyroxine levels decrease was identified in the 2nd and 3rd generation residents of the exposed area, as well as a significant increase of anti-thyroid peroxidase occurs in individuals of the 2nd and 3rd generation living in areas with radiation exposure.

Introduction. Overweight and obesity are stated to be pressing clinical and social health problems around the world. This is a complex disease that develops as a result of genetic factors and environmental factors. At the same time, an important feature of obesity in men is a change in the metabolism of sex hormones. Age-related hypogonadism against the background of overweight is a clinical and biochemical syndrome that leads to a significant decrease in the quality of life and negatively affects the function of many systems and organs of an aging organism. The study under consideration is aimed at assessing the effect of excess weight on the level of testosterone fraction and lipid metabolism in older men of the Kazakh population. In total, the study included 300 men who underwent a comprehensive clinical examination to determine the presence of hypogonadism. The surveyed were stratified by BMI, and divided into 3 groups: with a normal BMI up to 25 kg / m2 (group 1, n = 145), with an overweight BMI from 25-29.9 kg / m2 (group 2, n = 70) and with obesity BMI from 30 kg / m2 and more (group 3, n = 85). Results. Total testosterone levels are directly related to SHBG concentration, so changes in blood SHBG levels affect plasma distribution of testosterone and its availability to target tissues and cells. In our studies, the percentage of free testosterone correlated negatively with total testosterone, SHBG, and BMI. But by the outcomes of the study, the calculated free testosterone was stated higher in groups with high BMI. But the reference value of free testosterone according to the literature data was directly proportional to the level of total testosterone and BMI. Our study has revealed a direct correlation between BMI and triglyceride and LDL levels, and an inverse relationship with HDL levels. Conclusion. Overweight and obesity are accompanied by a decrease in SHBG and total testosterone levels and their decrease correlates to obesity degree. Although the calculated free testosterone do not have a solid biological basis, they are entirely suitable to be applied in andrological practice. Lipid metabolism disorders are more often caused by lifestyle and ethnic food habits. Введение. Избыточный вес и ожирение являются актуальной клинической и общественной проблемами для здоровья во всем мире. Это комплексное мультифакториальное заболевание, которое развивается вследствие действия генетических факторов и факторов внешней среды. При этом важной особенностью ожирения у мужчин является изменение метаболизма половых гормонов. Возрастной гипогонадизм на фоне избыточного веса является клиническим и биохимическим синдромом, который приводит к значительному снижению качества жизни и отрицательно влияет на функцию множества систем и органов стареющего организма Цель исследования. Оценить влияние избыточного веса на уровень фракции тестостерона и липидного обмена у мужчин казахской популяции старшего возраста. Материалы и методы. Всего в исследование включены 300 мужчин, прошедших комплексное клиническое обследование с определением наличия гипогонадизма. Обследованные стратифицированы по индексу массы тела (ИМТ), распределены на 3 группы: с нормальным ИМТ до 25 кг/м2 (группа 1, n=145), с избыточной массой тела ИМТ от 25- 29,9 кг/м2 (группа 2, n=70) и с ожирением ИМТ от 30 кг/м2 и выше (группа 3, n=85). Результаты. Уровень общего тестостерона напрямую связан с концентрацией глобулина, связывающего половые гормоны (ГСПГ). Изменение уровней ГСПГ в крови влияет на распределение в плазме тестостерона и доступность его к тканям и клеткам-мишеням. В нашем исследований процентное содержание свободного тестостерона отрицательно коррелировало с общим тестостероном, ГСПГ и ИМТ. Но по результатам исследования расчетный свободный тестостерон оказался выше в группах с высоким ИМТ. Но референсное значение свободного тестостерона соответственно литературным данным было прямо пропорционально уровню общего тестостерона и ИМТ. В нашем исследовании выявлена прямая корреляция между ИМТ и уровнем триглицеридов и ЛПНП, и обратная связь с уровнем ЛПВП. Выводы. Избыточный вес и ожирение сопровождаются снижением уровня ГСПГ и общего тестостерона и их снижение пропорционально степени ожирения. Расчетные цифры свободного тестостерона...

Background. Over two decades of medical observation have been conducted among residents living near the Semipalatinsk Nuclear Test Site, an area affected by chronic exposure to ionizing radiation. This study focuses on thyroid diseases, which are known to be among the most radiosensitive conditions following nuclear fallout. Materials and Methods. A cohort of 3,240 individuals who underwent thyroid ultrasound examinations between 1998 and 2002 was selected for long-term follow-up. Vital status, clinical diagnoses, and registry data were regularly updated. In 2023–2024, a detailed questionnaire was administered to 1,099 surviving participants to evaluate lifestyle, behavioral, and reproductive risk factors. Individual thyroid radiation doses were retrospectively estimated based on age at exposure, place of residence, and dietary patterns. Results. The overall prevalence of thyroid disorders reached 63%, with 33% of respondents reporting the use of hormone replacement therapy. The highest rates were observed among individuals with reconstructed thyroid doses in the range of 100–300 mGy. The integration of survey findings with clinical and dosimetric data allowed for a more comprehensive understanding of dose-dependent health effects. Conclusion. The results confirm the long-term impact of low-to-moderate radiation exposure on thyroid health and support the importance of integrated health monitoring approaches. This experience offers practical lessons for developing regional health surveillance systems in other chronically exposed populations. Введение. На протяжении более 20 лет проводился мониторинг состояния здоровья населения, проживающего в районах, прилегающих к Семипалатинскому испытательному полигону. Основное внимание уделено заболеваниям щитовидной железы как органа, особенно чувствительного к радиационному воздействию. Материалы и методы. В исследование включена когорта из 3240 человек, прошедших ультразвуковое обследование щитовидной железы в 1998–2002 годах. Сбор клинических данных, информации о vital-статусе и результатах диспансерного наблюдения продолжался в течение всего периода. В 2023–2024 гг. было проведено анкетирование 1099 живых участников для оценки поведенческих и репродуктивных факторов. Индивидуальные дозы облучения щитовидной железы были реконструированы с учетом возраста на момент воздействия, места проживания и особенностей питания. Результаты. У 63% опрошенных ранее диагностированы заболевания щитовидной железы, 33% получали гормональную терапию. Наибольшая распространенность патологии отмечена среди лиц с реконструированной дозой облучения 100–300 мГр. Объединение анкетных, клинических и дозиметрических данных позволило выявить дозозависимые эффекты и поведенческие модификаторы риска. Заключение. Результаты подтверждают отдаленное влияние хронического радиационного воздействия на эндокринное здоровье и подчеркивают необходимость комплексных региональных программ наблюдения за пострадавшими популяциями. Кіріспе. Семей ядролық сынақ полигонына жақын орналасқан елді мекендерде тұратын халықтың денсаулық жағдайы 20 жылдан астам уақыт бойы жүйелі түрде бақыланып келеді. Бұл зерттеуде радиациялық әсерге аса сезімтал ағзалардың бірі – қалқанша безі ауруларына ерекше назар аударылды. Материалдар мен әдістер. Зерттеуге 1998–2002 жылдар аралығында қалқанша безінің ультрадыбыстық тексеруінен өткен 3240 адам енгізілді. Мониторинг барысында өмірлік мәртебе, клиникалық диагноздар және медициналық деректер тұрақты түрде жаңартылып отырды. 2023–2024 жылдары 1099 тірі қатысушы арасында сауалнама жүргізіліп, мінез-құлықтық және репродуктивті факторлар бағаланды. Жеке дозалар жас, тұрғылықты жер және тамақтану үлгілерін ескере отырып қайта есептелді. Нәтижелер. Сауалнамаға қатысқандардың 63%-ында қалқанша безі ауруы анықталған, ал 33%-ы гормоналды терапия алған. Ең жоғары көрсеткіштер 100–300 мГр дозасын алғандар арасында тіркелді. Анкеталық, клиникалық және дозиметриялық деректерді біріктіру...