Hydrogels made from conductive organic materials have gained significant interest in recent years due to their wide range of uses, such as electrical conductors, freezing resistors, biosensors, actuators, biomedical engineering materials, drug carrier, artificial organs, flexible electronics, battery solar cells, soft robotics, and self-healers. Nevertheless, the insufficient level of effectiveness in electroconductive hydrogels serves as a driving force for researchers to intensify their endeavors in this domain. This article provides a concise overview of the recent advancements in creating self-healing single- or multi-network (double or triple) conductive hydrogels (CHs) using a range of natural and synthetic polymers and monomers. We deliberated on the efficacy, benefits, and drawbacks of several conductive hydrogels. This paper emphasizes the use of natural polymers and innovative 3D printing CHs-based technology to create self-healing conductive gels for flexible electronics. In conclusion, advantages and disadvantages have been noted, and some potential opportunities for self-healing single- or multi-network hydrogels have been proposed.

Soft or flexible electronics is a rapidly growing and pioneering research field, as it makes devices comfortable to use, especially in biomedical engineering. Both single- and multi-network hydrogels have diverse applications where the most significant one is in the building of soft electronics, including soft circuits, displays, sensors, batteries, and supercapacitors, electronic storage, electric skin, health monitoring devices, soft robots, and automotive. Three-dimensional printing of conductive gels/hydrogels facilitates the construction of soft electronics. This review illustrates the design, mechanism, and application of hydrogel in soft electronics. The current progress, scope of improvement, and future prospects of hydrogel-based soft electronics are also discussed. This review will provide a clear concept of the topic to researchers.

Photothermal steam generators hold significant potential as sustainable and green technologies for applications such as water desalination, wastewater treatment, sterilization, and photothermal electric generation by efficiently harnessing solar energy to produce steam. However, their performance heavily depends on the precise design and optimization of advanced materials, which present notable challenges. Essential material properties include high solar light absorption, facilitated by enhanced crystallinity and nanostructured designs, low thermal conductivity achieved through defect engineering, and vacancy creation. Additionally, optimal wettability, supported by surface roughness and hydrophilicity, ensures efficient water transport to the evaporation interface. Salt resistivity, crucial for preventing performance degradation, is managed by controlling thermal gradients and employing strategies such as vertically aligned pores and a leaning structure for salt management. Floatability, achieved through reduced density and increased porosity, is also essential for maintaining high system efficiency. Integrating these diverse properties into a single material system requires a delicate balance of optical, thermal, and mechanical characteristics, along with long–term durability. This review outlines the key material attributes driving the performance of photothermal steam generators, explores recent advances in material design, and proposes strategies to overcome existing challenges. Furthermore, it assesses the technology readiness levels (TRLs) of these systems, identifying areas for future development to improve their practical feasibility.

Graphene oxide (GO)–based nanocomposites (NCs) have gained attention as practical materials for environmental cleanup, especially in addressing solar‐driven catalysis for drug degradation, which poses a significant challenge due to the increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and environmental pollution. This review critically evaluates recent progress in GO–based NCs for drug degradation, with an emphasis on synthesis, morphology, band‐gap engineering, charge separation, TOC mineralization, scalability, and economic feasibility. Reported GO–based photocatalysts achieve ~74.0%–99.8% degradation of pharmaceutical pollutants, including tetracycline (TC), ciprofloxacin (CP), norfloxacin, ofloxacin, cefixime (CFX), levofloxacin (LVO), sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, and doxorubicin, within 24–420 min under UV, visible, or solar–light irradiation. However, degradation efficiency does not always indicate complete mineralization; reported TOC removal values are generally lower, ranging from ~50%–80%. Bandgap narrowing is a key performance factor, with reported GO–based composites showing values ranging from 1.7 to 3.3 eV, such as 1.74 eV for PmAP/rGO/MnO ₂ , 1.94 eV for Bi ₂ WO ₆ /BiOBr/RGO, 2.42 eV for La ₂ Zr ₂ O ₇ /rGO, and 3.2 eV for GO–CeO ₂ . Although GO–based NCs are characterized by their high surface area, adjustable functionalities, and effective adsorption and photocatalytic degradation capabilities, challenges such as long‐term stability, scalability, reusability, environmental safety, and the economic feasibility of large‐scale production continue to hinder their practical use. This review highlights how nanosheets, porous frameworks, nanorods (NRs), aerogels, Z‐scheme/S‐scheme heterojunctions, and DFT‐supported interfacial analysis influence adsorption, ROS generation, charge separation, and photocatalytic stability. Finally, energy consumption, catalyst lifetime, production cost, scalability, and reproducibility are discussed to bridge laboratory performance with practical solar–driven wastewater treatment.