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On 23 August, 2017, Typhoon Hato rapidly intensified by 10 kt within 3 h just prior to landfall in the city of Macau along the South China coast. Hato’s surface winds in excess of 50 m s−1 devastated the city, causing unprecedented damage and social impact. This study reveals that anomalously warm ocean conditions in the nearshore shallow water (depth < 30 m) likely played a key role in Hato’s fast intensification. In particular, cooling of the sea surface temperature (SST) generated by Hato at the critical landfall point was estimated to be only 0.1–0.5 °C. The results from both a simple ocean mixing scheme and full dynamical ocean model indicate that SST cooling was minimized in the shallow coastal waters due to a lack of cool water at depth. Given the nearly invariant SST in the coastal waters, we estimate a large amount of heat flux, i.e., 1.9k W m−2, during the landfall period. Experiments indicate that in the absence of shallow bathymetry, and thus, if nominal cool water had been available for vertical mixing, the SST cooling would have been enhanced from 0.1 °C to 1.4 °C, and sea to air heat flux reduced by about a quarter. Numerical simulations with an atmospheric model suggest that the intensity of Hato was very sensitive to air-sea heat flux in the coastal region, indicating the critical importance of coastal ocean hydrography.
Iam-Fei Pun; Johnny Chan; I.-I. Lin; Kelvin Chan; James Price; Dong Ko; Chun-Chi Lien; Yu-Lun Wu; Hsiao-Ching Huang. Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017) over Shallow Water. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3709 .
AMA StyleIam-Fei Pun, Johnny Chan, I.-I. Lin, Kelvin Chan, James Price, Dong Ko, Chun-Chi Lien, Yu-Lun Wu, Hsiao-Ching Huang. Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017) over Shallow Water. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (13):3709.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIam-Fei Pun; Johnny Chan; I.-I. Lin; Kelvin Chan; James Price; Dong Ko; Chun-Chi Lien; Yu-Lun Wu; Hsiao-Ching Huang. 2019. "Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017) over Shallow Water." Sustainability 11, no. 13: 3709.
The ocean thermal field is often represented in hurricane-ocean interaction by a metric termed upper Ocean Heat Content (OHC), the vertical integral of ocean temperature in excess of 26°C. High values of OHC have proven useful for identifying ocean regions that are especially favorable for hurricane intensification. Nevertheless, it is argued here that a more direct and robust metric of the ocean thermal field may be afforded by a vertical average of temperature. In the simplest version, dubbed T100, the averaging is from the surface to 100 m, a typical depth of vertical mixing by a category 3 hurricane. OHC and T100 are well correlated over the deep open ocean in the high range of OHC, ≥75 kJ cm−2. They are poorly correlated in the low range of OHC, ≤50 kJ cm−2, in part because OHC is degenerate when evaluated on cool ocean regions, ≤26°C. OHC and T100 can be qualitatively different also over shallow continental shelves: OHC will generally indicate comparatively low values regardless of the ocean temperature, while T100 will take on high values over a shelf that is warm and upwelling neutral or negative. In so far as the ocean thermal field alone is concerned, these warm, shallow continental shelves would appear to be as favorable for hurricane intensification as are warm, deep ocean regions.
J. F. Price. Metrics of hurricane-ocean interaction: vertically-integrated or vertically-averaged ocean temperature? Ocean Science 2009, 5, 351 -368.
AMA StyleJ. F. Price. Metrics of hurricane-ocean interaction: vertically-integrated or vertically-averaged ocean temperature? Ocean Science. 2009; 5 (3):351-368.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJ. F. Price. 2009. "Metrics of hurricane-ocean interaction: vertically-integrated or vertically-averaged ocean temperature?" Ocean Science 5, no. 3: 351-368.
Satellite imagery and in situ ocean data show that the cool anomaly of sea surface temperature in the wake of a moving hurricane will disappear over an e-folding time of 5 to 20 days. We have constructed a very simple, local model of the warming process by evaluating the heat budget of the surface layer. This requires (1) an estimate of the heat flux anomaly, δQ, that we presume is associated with the cool anomaly of sea surface temperature (SST), δQ = λδT, where δT is the SST anomaly and for nominal trade wind conditions, λ = −65 W m−2 C−1, and (2) the thickness, D, of the surface layer that absorbs this heat flux anomaly. Evidence from numerical simulations is that D is the trapping depth of the diurnal cycle, and from existing models we estimate D = c1τ/Qn1/2, where τ is the wind stress magnitude, Qn is the diurnal maximum (noon) heat flux and c1 is a product of known physical constants. The cool anomaly is then a decaying exponential, δT$\propto$δT0exp(−t/Γ), where δT0 is the spatially dependent cooling amplitude, and the e-folding time is Γ = c2τ/λQn1/2, with c2 also known. This solution agrees reasonably well with the observed e-folding time of cooling in the wake of Hurricane Fabian (2003), approximately 5 days, and in the wake of Hurricane Frances (2004), very roughly 20 days. The latter e-folding time was greater (i.e., the normalized warming rate was slower) primarily because winds were fresher and secondarily because cloud cover was greater. It is notable that the e-folding time in this solution depends upon two properties of the surface heat flux, the slowly varying heat flux anomaly and the diurnal variation of the heat flux, here represented by the noon maximum, Qn.
James F. Price; Jan Morzel; Pearn P. Niiler. Warming of SST in the cool wake of a moving hurricane. Journal of Geophysical Research 2008, 113, 1 .
AMA StyleJames F. Price, Jan Morzel, Pearn P. Niiler. Warming of SST in the cool wake of a moving hurricane. Journal of Geophysical Research. 2008; 113 (C7):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames F. Price; Jan Morzel; Pearn P. Niiler. 2008. "Warming of SST in the cool wake of a moving hurricane." Journal of Geophysical Research 113, no. C7: 1.
The authors have designed and deployed a neutrally buoyant sediment trap (NBST) intended for use in the upper ocean. The aim was to minimize hydrodynamic flow interference by making a sediment trap that drifted freely with the ambient current. The principal design problem was to make the NBST descend to and stay near a prescribed depth. For a variety of reasons, the most success has been with NBSTs that were autoballasted by means of a microprocessor-controlled volume changer. Autoballasting NBSTs has demonstrated an ability to hold a prescribed depth to within 10 m. There have been two successful, concurrent deployments of NBSTs and conventional surface-tethered sediment traps (STSTs) at the Bermuda Atlantic Times Series site. During both periods the observed flow past the STSTs was low, about 0.05 m s−1, so that hydrodynamic effects on the STSTs would have been minimized. Comparisons of the trap results (described in a companion paper by Buesseler et al.) indicate that the total mass of collected material was generally similar in the two traps. Other variables, including the composition of the material and the fraction contributed by swimmers, were markedly different (swimmers are small animals that enter a trap intact and presumably alive). These are intriguing results but could not be conclusive since there is no absolute standard for such measurements. Future field work that includes comprehensive geochemical sampling will be required to learn which sediment trapping method yields the more useful observations.
James R. Valdes; James F. Price. A Neutrally Buoyant, Upper Ocean Sediment Trap. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 2000, 17, 62 -68.
AMA StyleJames R. Valdes, James F. Price. A Neutrally Buoyant, Upper Ocean Sediment Trap. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology. 2000; 17 (1):62-68.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames R. Valdes; James F. Price. 2000. "A Neutrally Buoyant, Upper Ocean Sediment Trap." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 17, no. 1: 62-68.
Marguerite E. Zemanovic; Philip L. Richardson; James R. Valdes; James F. Price; Laurence Armi. SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the second year, 1985-86. SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the second year, 1985-86 1988, 1 .
AMA StyleMarguerite E. Zemanovic, Philip L. Richardson, James R. Valdes, James F. Price, Laurence Armi. SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the second year, 1985-86. SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the second year, 1985-86. 1988; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarguerite E. Zemanovic; Philip L. Richardson; James R. Valdes; James F. Price; Laurence Armi. 1988. "SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the second year, 1985-86." SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the second year, 1985-86 , no. : 1.
James F. Price; Theresa K. McKee; James R. Valdes; Philip L. Richardson; Laurence Armi. SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985. SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985 1986, 1 .
AMA StyleJames F. Price, Theresa K. McKee, James R. Valdes, Philip L. Richardson, Laurence Armi. SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985. SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985. 1986; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames F. Price; Theresa K. McKee; James R. Valdes; Philip L. Richardson; Laurence Armi. 1986. "SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985." SOFAR float Mediterranean outflow experiment data from the first year, 1984-1985 , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU115C. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU115C. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU115C." , no. : 1.
Velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU156. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU156. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU156." , no. : 1.
Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU154B. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU154B. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU154B." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU152. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU152. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU152." , no. : 1.
Velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU121. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU121. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU121." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU116B. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU116B. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU116B." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU107. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU107. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU107." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU115B. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU115B. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU115B." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU115A. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU115A. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU115A." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU106. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU106. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU106." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU103. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU103. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU103." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
James F Price; Philip L Richardson. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float EB149. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJames F Price, Philip L Richardson. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float EB149. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames F Price; Philip L Richardson. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float EB149." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
James F Price; Philip L Richardson. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float EB132B. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleJames F Price, Philip L Richardson. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float EB132B. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames F Price; Philip L Richardson. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float EB132B." , no. : 1.
Processing method: splined, velocity algorithm: splined. Data have been checked by the WOCE Subsurface Float Data Assembly Center. See hdl:10013/epic.32931.d001 for further information.
W Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU163B. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleW Brechner Owens, James F Price, Philip L Richardson, H Thomas Rossby, W J Schmitz. Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU163B. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleW Brechner Owens; James F Price; Philip L Richardson; H Thomas Rossby; W J Schmitz. 2021. "Water temperature and current velocity from SOFAR float GU163B." , no. : 1.