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The sea surface temperature (SST) beneath a tropical cyclone (TC) is of great importance to its dynamics; therefore, understanding and accurately estimating the magnitude of SST cooling is of vital importance. Existing studies have explored important influences on SST of TC translation speed, maximum surface winds, ocean thermal condition and ocean stratification. But the influence of the TC wind radii (or collectively called the TC size) on SST has been largely overlooked. In this study we assess the influence of wind radii uncertainty on SST cooling by a total of 15,983 numerical simulations for the western North Pacific during the 2014-2018 seasons. Results show a 6-20% SST cooling error induced using wind radii from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center official forecast and a 35-40% SST cooling error using wind radii from the operational runs of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model. Our results indicate that SST cooling is most sensitive to the radius of 64 kt winds (R64) due to its effects on the integrated kinetic energy of the TC and subsequent mixing of the ocean surface layer. It is also found that the correlation between SST cooling induced by the TC and its size is 0.49, which is highest among all the parameters tested. This suggests that it is extremely important to get TC size correct in order to predict the SST cooling response, which then impacts TC evolution in numerical weather prediction models.
Iam‐Fei Pun; John A. Knaff; Charles R. Sampson. Uncertainty of Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii on Sea Surface Temperature Cooling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 2021, 126, 1 .
AMA StyleIam‐Fei Pun, John A. Knaff, Charles R. Sampson. Uncertainty of Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii on Sea Surface Temperature Cooling. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres. 2021; 126 (14):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIam‐Fei Pun; John A. Knaff; Charles R. Sampson. 2021. "Uncertainty of Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii on Sea Surface Temperature Cooling." Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 126, no. 14: 1.
The sea surface temperature (SST) beneath a tropical cyclone (TC) is of great importance to its dynamics; therefore, understanding and accurately estimating the magnitude of SST cooling is of vital importance. Existing studies have explored important influences on SST such as TC translation speed, maximum surface winds, ocean thermal condition and ocean stratification. But the influence of the TC wind radii (or collectively called the TC size) on SST has been largely overlooked. In this study we assess the influence of wind radii uncertainty on SST cooling by a total of 15,983 numerical simulations for the western North Pacific during the 2014-2018 seasons. Results show a 6-20% SST cooling error induced using wind radii from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center official forecast and a 35-40% SST cooling error using wind radii from the operational runs of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting (HWRF) model. Our results indicate that SST cooling is most sensitive to the radius of 64 kt winds. The correlation between SST cooling induced by the TC and its size is 0.49, which is highest among all the parameters tested. This suggests that it is extremely important to get TC size correct in order to predict the SST cooling response, which then impacts TC evolution in numerical weather prediction models.
Iam-Fei Pun; John Knaff; Charles Sampson. Uncertainty of Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii on Sea Surface Temperature Cooling. 2021, 1 .
AMA StyleIam-Fei Pun, John Knaff, Charles Sampson. Uncertainty of Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii on Sea Surface Temperature Cooling. . 2021; ():1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIam-Fei Pun; John Knaff; Charles Sampson. 2021. "Uncertainty of Tropical Cyclone Wind Radii on Sea Surface Temperature Cooling." , no. : 1.
The 2014 Northeast Pacific hurricane season was highly active, with above-average intensity and frequency events, and a rare landfalling Hawaiian hurricane. We show that the anomalous northern extent of sea surface temperatures and anomalous vertical extent of upper ocean heat content above 26 °C throughout the Northeast and Central Pacific Ocean may have influenced three long-lived tropical cyclones in July and August. Using a variety of satellite-observed and -derived products, we assess genesis conditions, along-track intensity, and basin-wide anomalous upper ocean heat content during Hurricanes Genevieve, Iselle, and Julio. The anomalously northern surface position of the 26 °C isotherm beyond 30° N to the north and east of the Hawaiian Islands in 2014 created very high sea surface temperatures throughout much of the Central Pacific. Analysis of basin-wide mean conditions confirm higher-than-average storm activity during strong positive oceanic thermal anomalies. Positive anomalies of 15–50 kJ cm−2 in the along-track upper ocean heat content for these three storms were observed during the intensification phase prior to peak intensity, advocating for greater understanding of the ocean thermal profile during tropical cyclone genesis and development.
Victoria L. Ford; Nan D. Walker; Iam-Fei Pun. Anomalous Oceanic Conditions in the Central and Eastern North Pacific Ocean during the 2014 Hurricane Season and Relationships to Three Major Hurricanes. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 2020, 8, 288 .
AMA StyleVictoria L. Ford, Nan D. Walker, Iam-Fei Pun. Anomalous Oceanic Conditions in the Central and Eastern North Pacific Ocean during the 2014 Hurricane Season and Relationships to Three Major Hurricanes. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 2020; 8 (4):288.
Chicago/Turabian StyleVictoria L. Ford; Nan D. Walker; Iam-Fei Pun. 2020. "Anomalous Oceanic Conditions in the Central and Eastern North Pacific Ocean during the 2014 Hurricane Season and Relationships to Three Major Hurricanes." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, no. 4: 288.
On 23 August, 2017, Typhoon Hato rapidly intensified by 10 kt within 3 h just prior to landfall in the city of Macau along the South China coast. Hato’s surface winds in excess of 50 m s−1 devastated the city, causing unprecedented damage and social impact. This study reveals that anomalously warm ocean conditions in the nearshore shallow water (depth < 30 m) likely played a key role in Hato’s fast intensification. In particular, cooling of the sea surface temperature (SST) generated by Hato at the critical landfall point was estimated to be only 0.1–0.5 °C. The results from both a simple ocean mixing scheme and full dynamical ocean model indicate that SST cooling was minimized in the shallow coastal waters due to a lack of cool water at depth. Given the nearly invariant SST in the coastal waters, we estimate a large amount of heat flux, i.e., 1.9k W m−2, during the landfall period. Experiments indicate that in the absence of shallow bathymetry, and thus, if nominal cool water had been available for vertical mixing, the SST cooling would have been enhanced from 0.1 °C to 1.4 °C, and sea to air heat flux reduced by about a quarter. Numerical simulations with an atmospheric model suggest that the intensity of Hato was very sensitive to air-sea heat flux in the coastal region, indicating the critical importance of coastal ocean hydrography.
Iam-Fei Pun; Johnny Chan; I.-I. Lin; Kelvin Chan; James Price; Dong Ko; Chun-Chi Lien; Yu-Lun Wu; Hsiao-Ching Huang. Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017) over Shallow Water. Sustainability 2019, 11, 3709 .
AMA StyleIam-Fei Pun, Johnny Chan, I.-I. Lin, Kelvin Chan, James Price, Dong Ko, Chun-Chi Lien, Yu-Lun Wu, Hsiao-Ching Huang. Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017) over Shallow Water. Sustainability. 2019; 11 (13):3709.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIam-Fei Pun; Johnny Chan; I.-I. Lin; Kelvin Chan; James Price; Dong Ko; Chun-Chi Lien; Yu-Lun Wu; Hsiao-Ching Huang. 2019. "Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Hato (2017) over Shallow Water." Sustainability 11, no. 13: 3709.
Supertyphoon Megi (2010) left behind two very contrasting SST cold-wake cooling patterns between the Philippine Sea (1.5°C) and the South China Sea (7°C). Based on various radii of radial winds, the authors found that the size of Megi doubles over the South China Sea when it curves northward. On average, the radius of maximum wind (RMW) increased from 18.8 km over the Philippine Sea to 43.1 km over the South China Sea; the radius of 64-kt (33 m s−1) typhoon-force wind (R64) increased from 52.6 to 119.7 km; the radius of 50-kt (25.7 m s−1) damaging-force wind (R50) increased from 91.8 to 210 km; and the radius of 34-kt (17.5 m s−1) gale-force wind (R34) increased from 162.3 to 358.5 km. To investigate the typhoon size effect, the authors conduct a series of numerical experiments on Megi-induced SST cooling by keeping other factors unchanged, that is, typhoon translation speed and ocean subsurface thermal structure. The results show that if it were not for Megi’s size increase over the South China Sea, the during-Megi SST cooling magnitude would have been 52% less (reduced from 4° to 1.9°C), the right bias in cooling would have been 60% (or 30 km) less, and the width of the cooling would have been 61% (or 52 km) less, suggesting that typhoon size is as important as other well-known factors on SST cooling. Aside from the size effect, the authors also conduct a straight-track experiment and find that the curvature of Megi contributes up to 30% (or 1.2°C) of cooling over the South China Sea.
Iam-Fei Pun; I.-I. Lin; Chun-Chi Lien; Chun-Chieh Wu. Influence of the Size of Supertyphoon Megi (2010) on SST Cooling. Monthly Weather Review 2018, 146, 661 -677.
AMA StyleIam-Fei Pun, I.-I. Lin, Chun-Chi Lien, Chun-Chieh Wu. Influence of the Size of Supertyphoon Megi (2010) on SST Cooling. Monthly Weather Review. 2018; 146 (3):661-677.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIam-Fei Pun; I.-I. Lin; Chun-Chi Lien; Chun-Chieh Wu. 2018. "Influence of the Size of Supertyphoon Megi (2010) on SST Cooling." Monthly Weather Review 146, no. 3: 661-677.
Hurricane Patricia formed on 20 October 2015 in the Eastern Pacific and, in less than 3 days, rapidly intensified from a Tropical Storm to a record‐breaking hurricane with maximum sustained winds measured around 185 knots. It is almost 15 knots higher than 2013's supertyphoon Haiyan (the previous strongest tropical cyclone (TC) ever observed). This research focuses on analyzing the air‐sea enthalpy flux conditions that contributed to Hurricane Patricia's rapid intensification, and comparing them to supertyphoon Haiyan's. Despite a stronger cooling effect, a higher enthalpy flux supply is found during Patricia, in particular due to warmer pre‐TC sea surface temperature conditions. This resulted in larger temperature and humidity differences at the air‐sea interface, contributing to larger air‐sea enthalpy heat fluxes available for Patricia's growth (24% more than for Haiyan). In addition, air‐sea fluxes simulations were performed for Hurricane Patricia under different climate conditions to assess specifically the impact of local and large‐scale conditions on storm intensification associated with six different phases and types of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and long‐term climatological summer condition. We found that the Eastern Pacific El Niño developing and decaying summers, and the Central Pacific El Niño developing summer are the three most favorable ENSO conditions for storm intensification. This still represents a 37% smaller flux supply than in October 2015, suggesting that Patricia extraordinary growth is not achievable under any of these typical ENSO conditions but rather the result of the exceptional environmental conditions associated with the buildup of the strongest El Niño ever recorded.
Hsiao-Ching Huang; Julien Boucharel; I.-I. Lin; Fei-Fei Jin; Chun-Chi Lien; Iam-Fei Pun. Air-sea fluxes for Hurricane Patricia (2015): Comparison with supertyphoon Haiyan (2013) and under different ENSO conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 2017, 122, 6076 -6089.
AMA StyleHsiao-Ching Huang, Julien Boucharel, I.-I. Lin, Fei-Fei Jin, Chun-Chi Lien, Iam-Fei Pun. Air-sea fluxes for Hurricane Patricia (2015): Comparison with supertyphoon Haiyan (2013) and under different ENSO conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. 2017; 122 (8):6076-6089.
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsiao-Ching Huang; Julien Boucharel; I.-I. Lin; Fei-Fei Jin; Chun-Chi Lien; Iam-Fei Pun. 2017. "Air-sea fluxes for Hurricane Patricia (2015): Comparison with supertyphoon Haiyan (2013) and under different ENSO conditions." Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 122, no. 8: 6076-6089.
With the extra‐ordinary intensity of 170 kts, super‐typhoon Haiyan devastated the Philippines in November 2013. This intensity is among the highest ever observed for tropical cyclones (TCs) globally, 35 kts well above the threshold of the existing highest category of 5. Though there is speculation to associate global warming with such intensity, existing research indicate that we have been in a warming hiatus period, with the hiatus attributed to the La Niña‐like multi‐decadal phenomenon. It is thus intriguing to understand why Haiyan can occur during hiatus. It is suggested that as the western Pacific manifestation of the La Niña‐like phenomenon is to pile up warm subsurface water to the west, the western North Pacific experienced evident subsurface warming and created a very favorable ocean pre‐condition for Haiyan. Together with its fast travelling speed, the air‐sea flux supply was 158% as compared to normal for intensification.
I.‐I. Lin; Iam‐Fei Pun; Chun-Chi Lien. “Category‐6” supertyphoon Haiyan in global warming hiatus: Contribution from subsurface ocean warming. Geophysical Research Letters 2014, 41, 8547 -8553.
AMA StyleI.‐I. Lin, Iam‐Fei Pun, Chun-Chi Lien. “Category‐6” supertyphoon Haiyan in global warming hiatus: Contribution from subsurface ocean warming. Geophysical Research Letters. 2014; 41 (23):8547-8553.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI.‐I. Lin; Iam‐Fei Pun; Chun-Chi Lien. 2014. "“Category‐6” supertyphoon Haiyan in global warming hiatus: Contribution from subsurface ocean warming." Geophysical Research Letters 41, no. 23: 8547-8553.
Nan D. Walker; Robert R. Leben; Chet T. Pilley; Michael Shannon; Derrick C. Herndon; Iam-Fei Pun; I-I Lin; Chelle Gentemann. Slow translation speed causes rapid collapse of northeast Pacific Hurricane Kenneth over cold core eddy. Geophysical Research Letters 2014, 41, 7595 -7601.
AMA StyleNan D. Walker, Robert R. Leben, Chet T. Pilley, Michael Shannon, Derrick C. Herndon, Iam-Fei Pun, I-I Lin, Chelle Gentemann. Slow translation speed causes rapid collapse of northeast Pacific Hurricane Kenneth over cold core eddy. Geophysical Research Letters. 2014; 41 (21):7595-7601.
Chicago/Turabian StyleNan D. Walker; Robert R. Leben; Chet T. Pilley; Michael Shannon; Derrick C. Herndon; Iam-Fei Pun; I-I Lin; Chelle Gentemann. 2014. "Slow translation speed causes rapid collapse of northeast Pacific Hurricane Kenneth over cold core eddy." Geophysical Research Letters 41, no. 21: 7595-7601.
Iam-Fei Pun; I.-I. Lin; Dong S. Ko. New generation of satellite-derived ocean thermal structure for the western north pacific typhoon intensity forecasting. Progress in Oceanography 2014, 121, 109 -124.
AMA StyleIam-Fei Pun, I.-I. Lin, Dong S. Ko. New generation of satellite-derived ocean thermal structure for the western north pacific typhoon intensity forecasting. Progress in Oceanography. 2014; 121 ():109-124.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIam-Fei Pun; I.-I. Lin; Dong S. Ko. 2014. "New generation of satellite-derived ocean thermal structure for the western north pacific typhoon intensity forecasting." Progress in Oceanography 121, no. : 109-124.
[1] On 2 May 2008, category‐4 tropical cyclone Nargis devastated Myanmar. It was observed that just prior to its landfall, Nargis rapidly intensified from a weak category‐1 storm to an intense category‐4 storm within only 24 h. Using in situ ocean depth‐temperature measurements and satellite altimetry, it is found that Nargis' rapid intensification took place on a pre‐existing warm ocean anomaly in the Bay of Bengal. In the anomaly, the subsurface ocean is evidently warmer than climatology, as characterized by the depth of the 26°C isotherm of 73–101 m and the tropical cyclone heat potential of 77–105 kj cm−2. This pre‐existing deep, warm subsurface layer leads to reduction in the cyclone‐induced ocean cooling, as shown from the ocean mixed layer numerical experiments. As a result, there was a near 300% increase in the air‐sea enthalpy flux to support Nargis' rapid intensification.
I.-I. Lin; Chih-Hung Chen; Iam-Fei Pun; W. Timothy Liu; Chun-Chieh Wu. Warm ocean anomaly, air sea fluxes, and the rapid intensification of tropical cyclone Nargis (2008). Geophysical Research Letters 2009, 36, 1 .
AMA StyleI.-I. Lin, Chih-Hung Chen, Iam-Fei Pun, W. Timothy Liu, Chun-Chieh Wu. Warm ocean anomaly, air sea fluxes, and the rapid intensification of tropical cyclone Nargis (2008). Geophysical Research Letters. 2009; 36 (3):1.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI.-I. Lin; Chih-Hung Chen; Iam-Fei Pun; W. Timothy Liu; Chun-Chieh Wu. 2009. "Warm ocean anomaly, air sea fluxes, and the rapid intensification of tropical cyclone Nargis (2008)." Geophysical Research Letters 36, no. 3: 1.
Category 5 cyclones are the most intense and devastating cyclones on earth. With increasing observations of category 5 cyclones, such as Hurricane Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Mitch (1998), and Supertyphoon Maemi (2003) found to intensify on warm ocean features (i.e., regions of positive sea surface height anomalies detected by satellite altimeters), there is great interest in investigating the role ocean features play in the intensification of category 5 cyclones. Based on 13 yr of satellite altimetry data, in situ and climatological upper-ocean thermal structure data, best-track typhoon data of the U.S. Joint Typhoon Warning Center, together with an ocean mixed layer model, 30 western North Pacific category 5 typhoons that occurred during the typhoon season from 1993 to 2005 are systematically examined in this study. Two different types of situations are found. The first type is the situation found in the western North Pacific south eddy zone (SEZ; 21°–26°N, 127°–170°E) and the Kuroshio (21°–30°N, 127°–170°E) region. In these regions, the background climatological warm layer is relatively shallow (typically the depth of the 26°C isotherm is around 60 m and the upper-ocean heat content is ∼50 kJ cm−2). Therefore passing over positive features is critical to meet the ocean’s part of necessary conditions in intensification because the features can effectively deepen the warm layer (depth of the 26°C isotherm reaching 100 m and upper-ocean heat content is ∼110 kJ cm−2) to restrain the typhoon’s self-induced ocean cooling. In the past 13 yr, 8 out of the 30 category 5 typhoons (i.e., 27%) belong to this situation. The second type is the situation found in the gyre central region (10°–21°N, 121°–170°E) where the background climatological warm layer is deep (typically the depth of the 26°C isotherm is ∼105–120 m and the upper-ocean heat content is ∼80–120 kJ cm−2). In this deep, warm background, passing over positive features is not critical since the background itself is already sufficient to restrain the self-induced cooling negative feedback during intensification.
I-I. Lin; Chun-Chieh Wu; Iam-Fei Pun; Dong-Shan Ko. Upper-Ocean Thermal Structure and the Western North Pacific Category 5 Typhoons. Part I: Ocean Features and the Category 5 Typhoons’ Intensification. Monthly Weather Review 2008, 136, 3288 -3306.
AMA StyleI-I. Lin, Chun-Chieh Wu, Iam-Fei Pun, Dong-Shan Ko. Upper-Ocean Thermal Structure and the Western North Pacific Category 5 Typhoons. Part I: Ocean Features and the Category 5 Typhoons’ Intensification. Monthly Weather Review. 2008; 136 (9):3288-3306.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI-I. Lin; Chun-Chieh Wu; Iam-Fei Pun; Dong-Shan Ko. 2008. "Upper-Ocean Thermal Structure and the Western North Pacific Category 5 Typhoons. Part I: Ocean Features and the Category 5 Typhoons’ Intensification." Monthly Weather Review 136, no. 9: 3288-3306.
This paper uses more than 5000 colocated and near-coincident in-situ profiles from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Global Temperature and Salinity Profile Program database spanning over the period from 2002 to 2005 to systematically validate the satellite-altimetry-derived upper ocean thermal structure in the western North Pacific ocean as such ocean thermal structure information is critical in typhoon-intensity change. It is found that this satellite-derived information is applicable in the central and the southwestern North Pacific (covering 122-170degE, 9-25degN) but not in the northern part (130-170degE, 25-40degN). However, since > 80% of the typhoons are found to intensify in the central and southern part, this regional dependence should not pose a serious constraint in studying typhoon intensification. Further comparison with the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory's North Pacific Ocean Nowcast/Forecast System (NPACNFS) hydrodynamic ocean model shows similar regional applicability, but NPACNFS is found to have a general underestimation in the upper ocean thermal structure and causes a large underestimation of the tropical cyclone heat potential (TCHP) by up to 60 kJ/cm2. After validation, the derived upper ocean thermal profiles are used to study the intensity change of supertyphoon Dianmu (2004). It is found that two upper ocean parameters, i.e., a typhoon's self-induced cooling and the during-typhoon TCHP, are the most sensitive parameters (with R 2~0.7) to the 6-h intensity change of Dianmu during the study period covering Dianmu's rapid intensification to category 5 and its subsequent decay to category 4. This paper suggests the usefulness of satellite-based upper ocean thermal information in future research and operation that is related to typhoon-intensity change in the western North Pacific
Iam-Fei Pun; I-I Lin; Chau-Ron Wu; Dong-Shan Ko; W. Timothy Liu. Validation and Application of Altimetry-Derived Upper Ocean Thermal Structure in the Western North Pacific Ocean for Typhoon-Intensity Forecast. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 2007, 45, 1616 -1630.
AMA StyleIam-Fei Pun, I-I Lin, Chau-Ron Wu, Dong-Shan Ko, W. Timothy Liu. Validation and Application of Altimetry-Derived Upper Ocean Thermal Structure in the Western North Pacific Ocean for Typhoon-Intensity Forecast. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2007; 45 (6):1616-1630.
Chicago/Turabian StyleIam-Fei Pun; I-I Lin; Chau-Ron Wu; Dong-Shan Ko; W. Timothy Liu. 2007. "Validation and Application of Altimetry-Derived Upper Ocean Thermal Structure in the Western North Pacific Ocean for Typhoon-Intensity Forecast." IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing 45, no. 6: 1616-1630.
Understanding the interaction of ocean eddies with tropical cyclones is critical for improving the understanding and prediction of the tropical cyclone intensity change. Here an investigation is presented of the interaction between Supertyphoon Maemi, the most intense tropical cyclone in 2003, and a warm ocean eddy in the western North Pacific. In September 2003, Maemi passed directly over a prominent (700 km × 500 km) warm ocean eddy when passing over the 22°N eddy-rich zone in the northwest Pacific Ocean. Analyses of satellite altimetry and the best-track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center show that during the 36 h of the Maemi–eddy encounter, Maemi’s intensity (in 1-min sustained wind) shot up from 41 m s−1 to its peak of 77 m s−1. Maemi subsequently devastated the southern Korean peninsula. Based on results from the Coupled Hurricane Intensity Prediction System and satellite microwave sea surface temperature observations, it is suggested that the warm eddies act as an effective insulator between typhoons and the deeper ocean cold water. The typhoon’s self-induced sea surface temperature cooling is suppressed owing to the presence of the thicker upper-ocean mixed layer in the warm eddy, which prevents the deeper cold water from being entrained into the upper-ocean mixed layer. As simulated using the Coupled Hurricane Intensity Prediction System, the incorporation of the eddy information yields an evident improvement on Maemi’s intensity evolution, with its peak intensity increased by one category and maintained at category-5 strength for a longer period (36 h) of time. Without the presence of the warm ocean eddy, the intensification is less rapid. This study can serve as a starting point in the largely speculative and unexplored field of typhoon–warm ocean eddy interaction in the western North Pacific. Given the abundance of ocean eddies and intense typhoons in the western North Pacific, these results highlight the importance of a systematic and in-depth investigation of the interaction between typhoons and western North Pacific eddies.
I-I Lin; Chun-Chieh Wu; Kerry A. Emanuel; I-Huan Lee; Chau-Ron Wu; Iam-Fei Pun. The Interaction of Supertyphoon Maemi (2003) with a Warm Ocean Eddy. Monthly Weather Review 2005, 133, 2635 -2649.
AMA StyleI-I Lin, Chun-Chieh Wu, Kerry A. Emanuel, I-Huan Lee, Chau-Ron Wu, Iam-Fei Pun. The Interaction of Supertyphoon Maemi (2003) with a Warm Ocean Eddy. Monthly Weather Review. 2005; 133 (9):2635-2649.
Chicago/Turabian StyleI-I Lin; Chun-Chieh Wu; Kerry A. Emanuel; I-Huan Lee; Chau-Ron Wu; Iam-Fei Pun. 2005. "The Interaction of Supertyphoon Maemi (2003) with a Warm Ocean Eddy." Monthly Weather Review 133, no. 9: 2635-2649.