Lattice structures emerged as a revolutionary class of materials with significant applications in aerospace, biomedical engineering, and mechanical design due to their exceptional strength-to-weight ratio, energy absorption properties, and structural efficiency. This review systematically examines recent advancements in lattice structures, with a focus on their classification, mechanical behavior, and optimization methodologies. Stress distribution, deformation capacity, energy absorption, and computational modeling challenges are critically analyzed, highlighting the impact of manufacturing defects on structural integrity. The review explores the latest progress in hybrid additive manufacturing, hierarchical lattice structures, modeling and simulation, and smart adaptive materials, emphasizing their potential for self-healing and real-time monitoring applications. Furthermore, key research gaps are identified, including the need for improved predictive computational models using artificial intelligence, scalable manufacturing techniques, and multi-functional lattice systems integrating thermal, acoustic, and impact resistance properties. Future directions emphasize cost-effective material development, sustainability considerations, and enhanced experimental validation across multiple length scales. This work provides a comprehensive foundation for future research aimed at optimizing biomimetic lattice structures for enhanced mechanical performance, scalability, and industrial applicability.

Natural polyphenols found in plants are secondary metabolites and act as natural antioxidants. Phenols prevent lipid oxidation by donating their hydrogen to free radicals generated between reactions of oxygen with unsaturated fatty acids. This work aims to examine turmeric extract for its capacity to act as an antioxidant and pour point depressant additive in biolubricants. The study involved extracting turmeric rhizome and analyzing the extract using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques to identify phenolic compounds and the nature of bonds in terms of abundance peak areas. The yield of concentrated turmeric rhizome extract by weight was 3.7%. The FTIR analysis revealed O-H band at 3336 cm⁻¹, C-H asymmetric and symmetric stretching at 2940 and 2834 cm⁻¹, C=C cyclic ring at 1680–1515 cm⁻¹. The phenols detected by the GC-MS technique are phenol, 2 -methoxy-3-(2-propenyl) occupying 36.3% area at 16.5 min retention time and Phenol, 2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl)-, acetate having 3.8% area at 3.8 min retention time. The results show promising capacity of turmeric rhizome extract to act as antioxidant and pour point depressant additive in biolubricants.

Biomimetic lattice structures, inspired by natural architectures such as bone, coral, mollusk shells, and Euplectella aspergillum, have gained increasing attention for their exceptional strength-to-weight ratios, energy absorption, and deformation control. These properties make them ideal for advanced engineering applications in aerospace, biomedical devices, and structural impact protection. This study presents a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of global research on biomimetic lattice structures published between 2020 and 2025, aiming to identify thematic trends, collaboration patterns, and underexplored areas. A curated dataset of 3685 publications was extracted from databases like PubMed, Dimensions, Scopus, IEEE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct and merged together. After the removal of duplication and cleaning, about 2226 full research articles selected for the bibliometric analysis excluding review works, conference papers, book chapters, and notes using Cite space, VOS viewer version 1.6.20, and Bibliometrix R packages (4.5. 64-bit) for mapping co-authorship networks, institutional affiliations, keyword co-occurrence, and citation relationships. A significant increase in the number of publications was found over the past year, reflecting growing interest in this area. The results identify China as the most prolific contributor, with substantial institutional support and active collaboration networks, especially with European research groups. Key research focuses include additive manufacturing, finite element modeling, machine learning-based design optimization, and the performance evaluation of bioinspired geometries. Notably, the integration of artificial intelligence into structural modeling is accelerating a shift toward data-driven design frameworks. However, gaps remain in geometric modeling standardization, fatigue behavior analysis, and the real-world validation of lattice structures under complex loading conditions. This study provides a strategic overview of current research directions and offers guidance for future interdisciplinary exploration. The insights are intended to support researchers and practitioners in advancing next-generation biomimetic materials with superior mechanical performance and application-specific adaptability.

Piston top rings in the combustion engine play a crucial role in the overall hydrodynamic performance of engines, such as power loss, minimum film thickness and friction forces, by ensuring sealing and minimizing the leakage of burnt gases. This present paper examines the influence of four key parameters of the top ring, such as ring width, ring temperature, ring tension, and ring surface roughness on the hydrodynamic behavior at the ring/cylinder contact. These parameters play a significant role in the formation and maintenance of the oil film, directly influencing hydrodynamic indicators such as the minimum oil film thickness, friction force, power loss, oil pressure, and the ring angle twist. This article relies on hydrodynamic models and numerical simulations performed using GT-SUITE version 6 software to analyze these effects. The pressure curve used in this simulation is experimentally validated for an engine speed of 2000 RPM. It was found that an increase in the top ring temperature reduces the oil’s viscosity, decreasing the film thickness and increasing the risk of metal-to-metal contact. Increasing the roughness of the ring enhances oil film stability, especially at the bottom dead center (BDC) points during each phase of the operating cycle. Further, three different types of ring profiles were investigated for friction forces by varying the speed of the engine.

In this work, the use of biodiesel derived from Acacia sieberiana (commonly referred to as “Bagaruwa”) seed oil is presented as a potential renewable fuel for compression ignition engines. The biodiesel was produced using transesterification and characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups, including C=O stretching at 1740 cm⁻¹, and C–O ester bands at 1244 and 1170 cm⁻¹. The GC–MS analysis showed that linoleic acid methyl ester was the dominant compound (54.77%), followed by 11-octadecenoic acid methyl ester (22.91%) and palmitic acid methyl ester (11.71%). The physicochemical properties of biodiesel–diesel blends were evaluated according to the ASTM standards. Increasing the biodiesel content reduced the density, viscosity, cetane number, and calorific value, while the flash point was found to increase. B10 and B15 blends showed the highest density values within ASTM limits. The results indicated that Acacia sieberiana seed oil is a promising non-edible feedstock for sustainable biodiesel production and applications.