The necessity to optimize feed crop cultivation in Kazakhstan's steppe zone is underscored by evolving climatic conditions and sustainable agriculture demands. This study, conducted from 2021 to 2023 in the Akmola region, evaluated the nutritional value and production efficiency of annual and perennial grass mixtures. A randomized complete block design was utilized for annual grasses, while a sequential scheme was applied for perennial grasses, each with three replications per plot. Statistical data processing was employed to analyze the outcomes. Results indicated that mixed-feed crops exhibited superior nutritional composition and energy value. Specific combinations of annual grasses, such as oats with peas or oats, peas, and vetch, alongside multicomponent mixtures incorporating legumes for perennial grasses, demonstrated optimal results. The ideal harvest timings for these grass mixtures were also established. It is recommended to cultivate combinations like Sudan grass with peas and vetch, or oats with peas and vetch for green feed, and for hay and pasture, combinations of red fescue, bluegrass, wheatgrass, and alfalfa, as well as red fescue, bluegrass, brome, sainfoin, and alfalfa. This research emphasizes the importance of diverse crop mixtures to enhance feed nutritional value, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural practices, food security, and environmental resilience amid climate change.

In this study, the changes in yield, nutrient content, and amino acid levels in legume–cereal grass mixtures were qualitatively evaluated depending on the legume–cereal combination and inoculation with preparations based on Rhizobium. This study, taking into account the biological characteristics of legume forage crops, used inoculations with strains of nodule bacteria and associative nitrogen fixers to enhance the process of the nitrogen fixation of mixed crops of legumes and cereal. The aim of this study was to compare the yields and nutritional values of monocultures and mixed crops, as well as to determine the effects of preparations based on strains of nodule bacteria and the associated nitrogen fixer on the photosynthetic activity and yield of combined annual legume–grain crops. A comparative study of forage crop biomass was conducted to analyze crude protein, fiber, carotene, and amino acid content in monocultures and legume–cereal mixtures, with and without the use of nodule-bacteria-based preparations (Rhizotorphin, Mizorine, Flavobactrin, and Azolene). The combined effect of crop mixtures and biological products led to increased green mass yield, protein content, and feed productivity. Notably, two-component mixtures with Rhizotorphin inoculation increased green mass yield by 8.79%, while three-component mixtures saw a 16.49% increase. The oat–pea mixture showed the most significant amino acid improvements, with lysine increasing by 6.26% and tyrosine by 3.24%. The general conclusion reached by the two-year experiment of 2022–2023 in the hill–plain zone of northern Kazakhstan is that double grass mixtures treated with nodule bacteria are more productive than monoculture crops in this area. These results suggest that inoculation with bacterial strains can effectively enhance the productivity of forage crops in northern Kazakhstan, providing a basis for future recommendations on optimizing herbaceous crop combinations. It is recommended to grow annual forage crops in mixtures with legumes to produce highly nutritious feeds with high metabolic energy in terms of biochemical composition.

A two-year (2023–2024) multifactorial field study was conducted under the agro-climatic conditions of Northern Kazakhstan, with the objective of refining cultivation practices for hayfields of perennial legumes and grasses, including alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leyss.), and sainfoin (Onobrychis arenaria Kit). The elements targeted for optimization included the species composition and component ratios in the mixtures, as well as the regimes of pre-sowing and foliar applications of growth regulators (AminoMax, Black Jak, Miller Start, Lider-S). The integrated experimental design accounted for laboratory and field germination, biometric parameters (plant height, leafiness), phenophase dynamics, autumn survival and overwintering, indicators of photosynthetic activity, as well as yields of green biomass and dry matter, and chemical composition (crude protein, fiber, ash, fat, and nitrogen-free extract). Grass–legume mixtures ensured more stable progression of phenophases, improved overwintering, and enhanced protein value compared to monocultures; the inclusion of sainfoin contributed to improved forage quality without compromising yield. Growth regulators promoted accelerated initial plant development and enhanced the intensity of net photosynthetic productivity. The greatest effect of application was observed in the grass component with Miller Start, whereas in the legume species it was most pronounced with AminoMax. The results of the study revealed that the optimal proportion of legumes in the forage mixtures is 30–40%. Under contrasting hydrothermal conditions, the yield of fresh and dry matter ranged from 4.19 to 4.81 t ha⁻¹ and 1.27–1.51 t ha⁻¹ (2023) to 10.43–14.46 t ha⁻¹ and 3.05–4.63 t ha⁻¹ (2024). The greatest effect was observed with Miller Start and AminoMax treatments (p < 0.05), whereas the action of Black Jak and Lider-S was moderate, confirming differences in their mechanisms of action under contrasting weather conditions.

The purpose of the study is to develop a multi–year near-village pasture conveyor and increase the productivity and nutritional value of grass mixtures. In the process of conducting the current research, the methods of field experiments generally accepted in agronomy were used, laboratory studies were conducted in an accredited laboratory according to established methods and standards on modern equipment; the objects of research are various types of perennial bluegrass and legume grasses cultivated in grass mixtures. Results and practical significance. The given paper presents an analysis of the laboratory studies on the chemical composition and nutritional value of perennial grasses of the first year of life in mixtures proposed for use in the creation of near-village pastures in the conditions of the hill -plain zone of Northern Kazakhstan. Chemical analysis of plant samples was carried out in the accredited agrochemical laboratory of «AgroComplexExpert» LLP (village of Zhaksy).

Климаттың өзгеруі жағдайында көпжылдық малазықтық шөптердің тұрақты әрі өнімді агроценоздарын қалыптастыру тиімді агротехнологиялық тәсілдерді әзірлеуді талап етеді. Осыған байланысты зерттеудің мақсаты Солтүстік Қазақстанның құрғақ континенттік климат жағдайында тұқымды минералдық өңдеудің көпжылдық малазықтық шөптердің тіршілігінің алғашқы жылындағы қалыптасуына әсерін бағалау болды. Далалық тәжірибелер 2025 жылы Ақмола облысындағы «Zhaksylyk AGRO» ЖШС базасында жүргізілді. Зерттеу объектілері ретінде жоңышқа (Medicago sativa L.), қылтықсыз арпабас (Bromus inermis Leyss.) және эспарцет (Onobrychis arenaria Kit.) таза және аралас егістерде зерттелді. Тұқымдар себу алдында NH₄H₂PO₄ + NH₄NO₃ ерітіндісімен өңделді. Зерттеу барысында танаптық өнгіштік, өсімдіктердің сақталуы, фенологиялық даму кезеңдері, морфологиялық көрсеткіштері, жасыл және құрғақ биомасса өнімділігі анықталды. Минералдық өңдеу танаптық өнгіштікті 2–4%, өсімдіктердің сақталуын 1–4% арттырып, фенологиялық кезеңдердің басталуын 1–3 тәулікке жеделдетті. Сонымен қатар өсімдіктердің биіктігі мен жапырақтануы жақсарып, ең жоғары жасыл және құрғақ биомасса өнімділігі қылтықсыз арпабастың таза егісінде (5,6 және 1,61 т/га), ал аралас егістер ішінде қылтықсыз арпабас пен жоңышқаның (50:50) қоспасында (4,8 және 1,44 т/га) қалыптасты. Корреляциялық талдау жасыл және құрғақ биомасса өнімділігі арасында өте жоғары оң байланыс бар екенін көрсетті (r = 0,95). Алынған нәтижелер тұқымды минералдық өңдеу көпжылдық малазықтық шөптердің алғашқы жылғы қалыптасуын жақсартып, олардың өнімділігін арттырудың тиімді агротехникалық тәсілі екенін көрсетті.

The article presents the results of a study on the effects of component composition and growth stimulants on the yield and nutritive value of perennial grasses and grass mixtures under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. The research was conducted in 2023–2025 using pure stands of alfalfa and smooth brome, mixtures of alfalfa and smooth brome, and three-component mixtures of alfalfa, smooth brome, and sainfoin. Black Jak, Miller Start, AminoMax, and Lider-S were applied. Green mass yield, dry matter yield, and the content of crude and digestible protein, fiber, metabolizable energy, and feed units were determined. Among the grass mixtures, the highest yield was obtained from the mixture containing 40% alfalfa and 60% smooth brome treated with Miller Start: green mass yield reached 17.88 t/ha, while dry matter yield was 5.39 t/ha. The most balanced nutritive value was observed in the mixture containing 50% alfalfa, 30% smooth brome, and 20% sainfoin. When Miller Start was applied, the crude protein content in this treatment was 12.97% in 2024 and 13.09% in 2025. Correlation analysis confirmed the relationships among yield, dry matter yield, and the main indicators of forage nutritive value. The research results support the combined selection of component composition and growth stimulant according to the required productivity and nutritive value of the sward.