Introduction. Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a condition characterized by bilateral acute or subacute vision loss in seemingly healthy individuals. Depending on the disease stage and initial presentation, it is often diagnosed as optic neuritis. Elevated levels of endogenous and exogenous glucocorticoids have been associated with the onset of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). In our patient, CSCR developed after only three days of pulse corticosteroid therapy, prescribed due to initial presentation as bilateral optic neuritis (papillitis). Objective. Through our case report, we aimed to highlight that CSCR can develop after the initiation of pulse corticosteroid therapy in a patient with LHON and to propose choroidal thickness as a potential contributing factor for this complication. Case Presentation. A 27-year-old male patient presented with painless subacute vision loss in both eyes. The decline in vision developed gradually over 20 days, prior to the patient’s referral to the UKCS Eye Disease Clinic for further examination and treatment, and was not accompanied by pain during eye movements. Initial investigations upon admission to the clinic established the diagnosis of optic neuritis. Consequently, pulse corticosteroid therapy was administered. Three days after the initiation of intravenous methylprednisolone, the patient developed bilateral central serous chorioretinopathy. After cessation of therapy, there was a rapid resolution of choroidopathy, but no improvement in visual acuity, prompting genetic testing. Subsequent laboratory results revealed a positive test for the LHON mutation m.3460 G>A (MT-ND1). Conclusions. LHON is often misdiagnosed as optic neuritis, as upon initial presentation the optic nerve disk often does not exhibit the apparent characteristics of LHON. Numerous studies have documented the development of central serous chorioretinopathy following corticosteroid treatment, though none have reported the onset of CSCR after only three days of pulse corticosteroid therapy. Increased choroidal thickness is a characteristic of the acute phase of LHON and may be associated with the development of CSCR in our patient.

Background/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate estimated pulse wave velocity (ePWV) in different glaucoma types. Methods: This was observational, cross-sectional, non-interventional study conducted on 127 primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) patients, 59 primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) patients, 34 pseudoexfoliative glaucoma (PEX) patients, and 55 normotensive glaucoma (NTG) patients (total of 275 glaucoma patients). The control group (CG, 92 patients) consisted of patients with cataract. ePWV was calculated by the formula that was recommended by the Reference Values for Arterial Stiffness Collaboration from data on age and mean arterial blood pressure. The obtained results were processed by applying methods of descriptive (arithmetical mean, standard deviation) and analytical statistics, and comparisons of tested variables were performed using ANOVA. A p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Statistically significant differences were found between patients with POAG and the CG (p value 0.042), and between those with NTG and the CG (p value 0.001). There was a statistically significant difference in ePWV values when comparing all tested patients with glaucoma and the control group (p = 0.001). Conclusions: Estimated pulse wave velocity may be a helpful tool in future risk assessment models for glaucoma.

Purpose: To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of eye drops containing lyophilized amniotic membrane (AM) in the treatment of dry eye disease (DED), with a focus on tear film stabilization and epithelial–immune balance. Methods: In this prospective cohort study, 40 patients (80 eyes) with DED were followed over six visits. The primary outcome was tear break-up time (TBUT). Secondary outcomes included corneal and conjunctival staining graded by the Oxford scale, meibomian gland parameters, corneal sensitivity (Cochet–Bonnet esthesiometry), best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and Schirmer I test. Continuous variables were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVA with Greenhouse–Geisser correction and Bonferroni post hoc testing; ordinal outcomes were analyzed using the Friedman test with Dunn–Bonferroni correction. Results: TBUT increased significantly in both eyes (OD: +5.3 s; OS: +4.9 s; both p < 0.001; ηp² ≈ 0.33). Corneal and conjunctival staining scores decreased (p < 0.001), meibomian gland quality and expressibility improved (p < 0.001), and corneal sensitivity increased (p < 0.001), while visual acuity and IOP remained stable. Schirmer I values showed no significant change. The combined pattern of changes (TBUT ↑, staining ↓, meibum/expressibility ↑, sensitivity ↑) indicates tear film stabilization and ocular surface improvement with a preserved safety profile. Conclusions: Lyophilized AM eye drops significantly prolong TBUT and improve clinical signs of DED, presumably by restoring the extracellular matrix (ECM) niche and the heavy-chain hyaluronan/pentraxin 3 (HC-HA/PTX3) complex, reducing proteolytic burden, and promoting a pro-resolving immune balance, with potential neurotrophic effects. These findings support the adjunctive use of AM-derived eye drops within contemporary TFOS DEWS II-based management algorithms for dry eye disease.

(1) Background: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) requires timely surgical repair, most commonly using pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckling (SB), or pneumatic retinopexy (PR). Surgical practice varies across regions, while contemporary real-world data from Southeastern Europe remain limited. This study evaluated contemporary surgical management and 12-month outcomes of primary RRD at a Serbian tertiary referral center. (2) Methods: This retrospective, single-center observational study included 188 patients who underwent primary RRD repair between January and December 2024. Patients were treated with PPV, SB, or PR and followed for up to 12 months. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed preoperatively and at postoperative day 1, day 7, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Longitudinal BCVA changes were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model, with generalized estimating equations used as a complementary population-averaged analysis. Retinal re-detachment and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation were also evaluated. (3) Results: PPV was performed in 104 patients (55.3%), SB in 48 (25.5%), and PR in 36 (19.1%). Baseline characteristics differed significantly among groups, including age, lens status, macular status, symptom duration, and preoperative BCVA. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated significant effects of time (F = 119.53, p < 0.001), macular status (F = 86.36, p < 0.001), symptom duration (F = 2.93, p = 0.035), and a significant time-by-surgery interaction (F = 4.86, p = 0.009). Model-estimated BCVA at 12 months was 0.77 logMAR after PPV, 0.58 after SB, and 0.28 after PR. However, PR patients had more favorable baseline characteristics. Retinal re-detachment occurred in 18.6% of patients, with no significant difference among surgical groups (p = 0.246). Early postoperative IOP elevation was significantly more frequent after PPV (22.3%) than after SB (0%) or PR (2.9%) (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: All three surgical approaches were associated with substantial visual recovery during 12 months of follow-up. PPV was the predominant surgical strategy, while SB remained frequently used and PR provided favorable outcomes in carefully selected patients. Because of substantial baseline differences among treatment groups, between-group outcome differences should not be interpreted as causal evidence of surgical superiority. Macular status and symptom duration were important determinants of functional recovery.

Background/Objectives: Dry eye disease (DED) affects daily visual functioning and vision-related quality of life in addition to tear film stability and ocular surface integrity. In a previously published prospective cohort, lyophilized amniotic membrane (AM) eye drops were associated with significant improvements in objective ocular surface parameters. This secondary analysis evaluated whether treatment with lyophilized AM eye drops was accompanied by changes in patient-reported outcomes, specifically vision-related quality of life and dry eye symptoms. Methods: This secondary analysis included 40 consecutive patients with DED treated with lyophilized AM eye drops in repeated 14-day cycles over six study visits, while continuing their pre-existing standard DED therapy. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed at baseline and at the final visit using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire-25 (NEI VFQ-25) and the Ocular Surface Disease Index-6 (OSDI-6). Item-level response distributions were compared between baseline and the final visit using non-parametric tests for paired ordinal data. A two-sided p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Global NEI VFQ-25 items, including general health, self-rated vision, and worry about eyesight, did not change significantly. In contrast, significant improvements were observed in ocular pain/discomfort (p = 0.002); near-vision activities, including reading ordinary print (p = 0.003), work or hobbies requiring near vision (p = 0.014); and finding objects on a crowded shelf or in a drawer (p = 0.008), as well as distance-related and spatial tasks, including reading street signs (p < 0.001) and noticing objects off to the side while walking (p = 0.037). Improvements were also observed in vision-related social functioning and dependence-related items. Five of six OSDI-6 items improved significantly: light sensitivity (p < 0.001), blurred vision (p = 0.008), difficulty with driving or night driving (p = 0.002), difficulty watching television (p = 0.008), and discomfort in windy conditions (p = 0.046). Discomfort in low-humidity environments showed a trend toward improvement but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.059). Conclusions: In this secondary analysis of a prospective cohort, lyophilized AM eye drops were associated with significant improvements in several patient-reported domains of vision-related quality of life and dry eye symptoms. These findings complement previously reported objective improvements in tear film stability, ocular surface staining, meibomian gland function, and corneal sensitivity, suggesting that treatment with lyophilized AM eye drops was associated with improvements extending beyond ocular surface signs to patient-reported daily visual function and symptom burden in patients with DED.

Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) is a vision-threatening retinal disorder in which successful anatomical reattachment does not always result in satisfactory functional visual recovery. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has become an essential non-invasive imaging modality for evaluating retinal microstructure and identifying biomarkers associated with postoperative visual outcomes. This narrative review summarizes and critically evaluates current evidence regarding the prognostic significance of OCT biomarkers following RRD repair. Available studies indicate that primary outer retinal biomarkers, particularly the integrity of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) and external limiting membrane (ELM), are the most reliable predictors of postoperative best-corrected visual acuity. Preservation of these structures reflects photoreceptor viability and is strongly associated with improved visual recovery. Secondary biomarkers, including hyperreflective foci, intraretinal cystic changes, retinal folds, persistent subretinal fluid, and preretinal hyperreflective dots, provide complementary information regarding inflammatory activity, retinal remodeling, and postoperative complications such as epiretinal membrane formation. Although these biomarkers have considerable clinical value for prognostication, patient counseling, and postoperative monitoring, their interpretation is limited by heterogeneity among studies, differences in imaging protocols, and the lack of standardized assessment criteria. Future large-scale prospective studies are needed to validate OCT biomarkers and establish standardized approaches for their integration into routine clinical practice.