Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate quantitative differences in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) between diabetic patients and healthy controls and to identify the early OCTA biomarkers for diabetic macular changes. Methods: Ophthalmological examination and OCTA were performed on two groups of diabetic patients (with and without mild diabetic retinopathy) and healthy controls. Macular, foveal, perifoveal, and parafoveal vessel density (VD) in the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), foveal avascular zone (FAZ), and flow area in the choriocapillaris were calculated. Results: A total of 431 eyes of 233 participants were analyzed. The VD in the SCP in the whole macula was the lowest in the DM + DR group and lower than in the DMnoDR group; however, in the fovea, it was the highest in the DM + DR group and higher than in the DMnoDR group. The VD in the SCP in the parafovea was lower in the DM + DR group than in the DMnoDR group, and in the perifovea, it was lower in the DMnoDR group than in the control group. The VD in the DCP in the macula, parafovea, and perifovea was lower in the DM + DR group than in the DMnoDR and control groups. The FAZ and flow areas in the choriocapillaris were smaller in the DM + DR group than in both the DMnoDR and control groups. Conclusions: VD reduction in the SCP and the DCP of the macular and parafoveal regions, as well as in the DCP of the perifoveal region, may indicate progression of diabetic retinopathy from subclinical to clinical stages; however, an increase in the foveal region in the SCP can be a compensatory mechanism. VD reduction in the perifovea and whole macula in the SCP can be a screening factor for subclinical macular changes. FAZ reduction before clinical signs of retinopathy may be an early compensatory vascular mechanism.

Introduction. Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a neurovascular disease that, if left untreated, leads to severe visual impairment and blindness. Early diagnosis and timely therapy reduce the risk of a severe outcome. The most significant risk factors for the development of the disease are low gestational age, low birth weight, development of respiratory distress and prolonged need for oxygen therapy, neonatal sepsis, anaemia, and others. This paper analyses the most significant risk factors and the outcome of treatment with anti-VEGF therapy, as well as the additional need for laser photocoagulation.Methods. A retrospective study was conducted involving 30 children (60 eyes) with the A-ROP form of retinopathy, divided into two groups according to the anti-VEGF agent administered (bevacizumab or ranibizumab).Results. Regarding gestational age, a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups. Birth weight was higher in the group that received intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB). Readministration of the drug was required in three patients (five eyes) treated with bevacizumab, and in four patients (nine eyes) who received ranibizumab (IVR). The need for laser photocoagulation was 40% in the IVB group versus 100% in the IVR group, a statistically highly significant difference.Conclusion. Timely diagnosis and adequate therapy significantly improve outcomes and reduce the risk of severe visual impairment. In this study, bevacizumab showed superiority over ranibizumab with respect to the effect on ROP reactivation and the need for additional laser intervention.

Introduction. Uveal melanoma is the most common primary malignant intraocular tumor in adults, characterized by a high risk of haematogenous metastasis, particularly to the liver. The clinical presentation varies considerably, from asymptomatic lesions discovered incidentally to severe visual impairment. Early diagnosis and multidisciplinary management are essential to optimize functional and oncological outcomes. This study presents the clinical characteristics and diagnostictherapeutic management of patients with uveal melanoma treated at a secondarycare hospital.Case series. Three patients with different clinical presentations of uveal melanoma were evaluated. A 53-year-old man presented for routine presbyopic correction without any visual complaints. Fundus examination revealed serous retinal detachment associated with a pigmented choroidal lesion. B-scan ultrasound confirmed an intraocular tumor, and enucleation was performed after multidisciplinary assessment. Histopathology confirmed choroidal melanoma. A 63-year-old woman presented with floaters in the left eye. Ophthalmic examination identified a pigmented superotemporal choroidal lesion; subsequent diagnostic workup confirmed melanoma. She underwent brachytherapy and maintained good visual acuity without metastases during followup. A 58-year-old man with progressive visual decline had been previously treated for chronic uveitis and cataract. Initial B-scan findings were inconclusive; however, intraoperative suspicion of a ciliary body melanoma during cataract surgery prompted ultrasound biomicroscopy, which confirmed the tumor. Iridocyclectomy was subsequently performed, with a postoperative uncorrected visual acuity of 0.6.Conclusion. Uveal melanoma can present with diverse and subtle clinical manifestations, underscoring the importance of a detailed fundus examination even in asymptomatic patients. Diagnostic challenges are particularly evident in ciliary body melanoma, where standard ultrasonography may be inconclusive.

(1) Background: Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) requires timely surgical repair, most commonly using pars plana vitrectomy (PPV), scleral buckling (SB), or pneumatic retinopexy (PR). Surgical practice varies across regions, while contemporary real-world data from Southeastern Europe remain limited. This study evaluated contemporary surgical management and 12-month outcomes of primary RRD at a Serbian tertiary referral center. (2) Methods: This retrospective, single-center observational study included 188 patients who underwent primary RRD repair between January and December 2024. Patients were treated with PPV, SB, or PR and followed for up to 12 months. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was assessed preoperatively and at postoperative day 1, day 7, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Longitudinal BCVA changes were analyzed using a linear mixed-effects model, with generalized estimating equations used as a complementary population-averaged analysis. Retinal re-detachment and postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation were also evaluated. (3) Results: PPV was performed in 104 patients (55.3%), SB in 48 (25.5%), and PR in 36 (19.1%). Baseline characteristics differed significantly among groups, including age, lens status, macular status, symptom duration, and preoperative BCVA. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated significant effects of time (F = 119.53, p < 0.001), macular status (F = 86.36, p < 0.001), symptom duration (F = 2.93, p = 0.035), and a significant time-by-surgery interaction (F = 4.86, p = 0.009). Model-estimated BCVA at 12 months was 0.77 logMAR after PPV, 0.58 after SB, and 0.28 after PR. However, PR patients had more favorable baseline characteristics. Retinal re-detachment occurred in 18.6% of patients, with no significant difference among surgical groups (p = 0.246). Early postoperative IOP elevation was significantly more frequent after PPV (22.3%) than after SB (0%) or PR (2.9%) (p < 0.001). (4) Conclusions: All three surgical approaches were associated with substantial visual recovery during 12 months of follow-up. PPV was the predominant surgical strategy, while SB remained frequently used and PR provided favorable outcomes in carefully selected patients. Because of substantial baseline differences among treatment groups, between-group outcome differences should not be interpreted as causal evidence of surgical superiority. Macular status and symptom duration were important determinants of functional recovery.