Globally, food security has become a critical concern due to the rise in human population and the current climate change crisis. Usage of conventional agrochemicals to maximize crop yields has resulted in the degradation of fertile soil, environmental pollution as well as human and agroecosystem health risks. Nanotechnology in agriculture is a fast-emerging and new area of research explored to improve crop productivity and nutrient-use efficiency using nano-sized agrochemicals at lower doses than conventional agrochemicals. Nanoparticles in agriculture are applied as nanofertilizers and/or nanopesticides. Positive results have been observed in terms of plant growth when using nano-based agricultural amendments. However, their continuous application may have adverse effects on plant-associated rhizospheric and endospheric microorganisms which often play a crucial role in plant growth, nutrient uptake, and disease prevention. While research shows that the application of nanoparticles has the potential to improve plant growth and yield, their effect on the diversity and function of plant-associated microorganisms remains under-explored. This review provides an overview of plant-associated microorganisms and their functions. Additionally, it highlights the response of plant-associated microorganisms to nanoparticle application and provides insight into areas of research required to promote sustainable and precision agricultural practices that incorporate nanofertilizers and nanopesticides.

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an established process for waste conversion to bioenergy. However, for the AD process to be viable, it is imperative that all products be adequately valorized to maximize the benefits associated with the technology and in turn promote economic feasibility and technology uptake. Digestate is a byproduct of the AD process that is oftentimes overshadowed by the primary product, biogas, however the potential of digestate is vast. Digestate is composed of undigested organic matter, inorganic matter, and microorganisms. Whilst digestate has frequently been utilized as a soil amendment due to its abundance of readily available plant nutrients, the microbial content of digestate is oftentimes neglected or undermined. The array of microbes prevalent in digestate may contribute to expanding its potential applications. This microbial composition is shaped by several factors including resident microbial communities in inoculum and feedstock, feedstock composition, temperature of the AD system, AD additives and augmenting agents as well as post-treatment strategies, amongst others. Hence, it is hypothesized that digestate microbial content can be manipulated to target particular downstream applications by altering the above-mentioned factors. In so doing, the value of the produced digestate may be improved, which may even lead to digestate becoming the most lucrative product of the AD process. This review provides a holistic overview of the factors influencing the microbial community structure of digestate, the microorganisms in digestate from diverse AD systems and the associated microbial functionality as well as the potential applications of the digestate from a perspective of the resident microflora. The aim of the paper is to highlight the vast potential of microorganisms in digestate so as to broaden its applicability and value.