Agroforestry systems (AFSs) enhance long-term carbon sequestration through tree biomass accumulation. As the European Union’s Carbon Farming Certification (CRCF) Regulation now recognizes AFSs in carbon farming (CF) schemes, accurate tree biomass estimation becomes essential for certification. This review examines field-destructive and remote sensing methods for estimating tree aboveground biomass (AGB) in AFSs, with a specific focus on their advantages, limitations, timing, and associated costs. Destructive methods, although accurate and necessary for developing and validating allometric equations, are time-consuming, costly, and labour-intensive. Conversely, satellite- and drone-based remote sensing offer scalable and non-invasive alternatives, increasingly supported by advances in machine learning and high-resolution imagery. Using data from the INNO4CFIs project, which conducted parallel destructive and remote measurements in an AFS in Tuscany (Italy), this study provides a novel quantitative comparison of the resources each method requires. The findings highlight that while destructive measurements remain indispensable for model calibration and new species assessment, their feasibility is limited by practical constraints. Meanwhile, remote sensing approaches, despite some accuracy challenges in heterogeneous AFSs, offer a promising path forward for cost-effective, repeatable biomass monitoring but in turn require reliable field data. The integration of both approaches might represent a valid strategy to optimize precision and resource efficiency in carbon farming applications.

The research on the diversity of feed types in the snakeskin gouramy hull was carried out in August to Desember in swamp flood, Sedang village, Suak Tapeh subdistrict, Banyuasin District. The method used is a field study with determination of stations carried out by purposive random sampling of 3 stations, namely the Nebong Kuning swamp station, the Poron swamp station and the Banan swamp station. This study aims to determine the diversity of feed types in the Sepat Siam fish hull in swamp flood, Sedang village, Suak Tapeh subdistrict, Banyuasin District. Based on the result of study found the type of feed in the sepat siam fish hull consisted of 2 groups, namely phytoplankton and zooplankton, which consisted of 5 classes namely Bacillariophyceae, Clorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Crustaceae and Maxillopoda. Based on the diversity index of the type of snakeskin gouramy hull in Nebong Kuning Swamp station, the Poron swamp station and the Banan swamp station are included in the medium category which indicates that the habitat of the aquatic environment in which the snakeskin gouramy live namely swamp flood, Sedang village, Suak Tapeh subdistrict, Banyuasin District quite balanced and moderate ecological pressure.   Keywords : Diversity, Feed, Flood Swamp, Hull, Snakeskin Gouramy

The North and South part of Java Island has their own watershed characteristic, which affects its flood dynamics. There have been many studies on flood mapping in each region but it is mostly a static model which didn’t consider the topographic or climate dynamic. Here we are developing a multi-temporal flood hazard using Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite imagery Sentinel-1 collection to study the flood characteristic of each region. Each region is represented by one watershed: Bodri for the north and Serayu for the south. The result shows that areas that have high flood hazards tend to be located in densely populated areas. The reason is that flood is a compromise of high accumulation of freshwater while occasionally hazardous in certain periods. The accuracy test used in this research using TPI is limited, it is important to have a periodic flood extent map to test our result.