Plant pathogens are a major concern in production of crops as they lead to a great loss of food grains. Although several methods are available to manage the diseases and the chemical-based methods are frequently used, and sometimes indiscriminate use poses serious problems to the environment. It is, therefore, necessary to detect plant pathogens at an early stage in order to control epidemics. Plant pathogens can be detected using conventional methods such as culture-dependent, biochemical and molecular techniques; however, these methods need advanced technical skills and well-equipped laboratory facilities and are not suitable for in situ analysis. Several nanotechnology-based methods are available for plant pathogen detection. Among them, biosensing systems for early detection of the pathogen using nanobiosensor are gaining momentum in field of research on plant pathogen detection. Materials having size ranging from one and one hundred nanometers are known as nanoparticles. These materials have special qualities that can be used to improve agricultural practices. Nanobiosensors are novel integrated systems of biosensors that are made up of a bioreceptor, transducer and a detector on the nano scale size. These nano-inspired biosensors have played a major role in enhancing nature of life through different medical, environmental and quality-control applications globally. Numerous nanobiosensors have been developed, including those for detecting plant infections caused by fungi, viruses, and bacteria. This review will contribute to understanding the basics of biosensors and their accessible biosensor based detecting tools and techniques for plant pathogens.

Onion (Allium cepa L.) stands as a vital commercial vegetable globally, ingrained in the culinary practices of homemakers worldwide. Beyond its culinary significance, the organosulfur compounds found in onions provide a solution for managing plant diseases. Onions face escalating disease challenges despite various antimicrobial properties due to climate fluctuations and pathogen evolution. Biotic factors, including fungi, bacteria, viruses and insects, contribute to pre-harvest and postharvest losses, accounting for nearly 50% yield reduction in fields and 10-30% loss in storage conditions. The importance of integrated disease management practices, such as early detection using e-nose, conventional methods, biological control and novel biotechnological tools, including CRISPR/Cas, were explained. Therefore, implementing effective control measures at the field level is crucial to mitigating these losses. This review emphasizes the need for continued research to provide more practical and long-lasting solutions for controlling onion phytopathogens.

Mushrooms are low-calorie foods with a high content of proteins, vitamins B and D, minerals, carbohydrates and fibers (1). Many researchers have shown that edible mushrooms contain numerous bioactive compounds with multiple health-promoting effects such as antiulcer, antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, immunomodulatory antitumor, anticholesterol, anti-inflammatory and antihaemorrhagic effects (2). There arises a pressing need to tap into the potential of medicinal mushrooms like L. squarrosulus which has ethnomedicinal values and are used in treating anaemia, ulcer, fever, cough, infertility and fungal infections, as well as to reduce the risk of metabolic diseases (3-5). Global multidrug resistance calls for a search for new potential lead compounds as therapeutic agents. Many macromycos still remain understudied as sources of bioactive compounds. Further investigation of bioactive components found in L. squarrosulus, will be informative regarding the biological activity of the organisms as medicinal agents. The ethanol extract of the ethnomedicinal macromycos L. Squarrosulus was subjected to GC-MS analysis for bioactive compounds among these thirteen compounds of hits were achieved with bioactive compounds in the ethnomedicinal macromycos. Of these compounds (2E)-Dodec-2-en-1-yl methyl ether (13.95%) formed the largest number while 1,2-15,16-Diepoxyhexadecane (9.03%) constituted the next high number of such compounds. Other amino acids, fatty acids, ethyl esters and other compounds identified included 2-Methyl-4-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid (2.12%), L-Alanine, N-L-alanyl- (0.94%), Benzofuran, 3-methyl- (1.63%), Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (3.75%) and 2'-Hydroxy-à-naphthoflavone (2.53%). Some of these compounds have antioxidant, hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiarthritic, anticoronary and immune suppression as well as cancer preventive activities. The present study has identified bioactive components with therapeutic potential in L. squarrosulus; it forms a basis for screening, isolating and identifying various bioactive compounds which may be valuable in treating a wide range of ailments, disorders and diseases soon.