Background: Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a popular cool-season perennial grass with a high production value, and orchardgrass seed is the fourth top-selling forage grass seed in the world. However, its yield and quality are often affected by flooding. To date, the molecular responses of orchardgrass to flooding were poorly understood. Results: Here, we performed mRNA-seq to explore the transcriptomic responses of orchardgrass to a short term flooding (8 h and 24 h). There were 1454 and 565 differentially expressed genes identified in the 8 h and 24 h of flooding, respectively, compared to well control. GO functional enrichment analysis showed that oxidoreductase activity and oxidation-reduction process were highly present, suggesting that flooding induced the response to oxygen stress. Pathways enrichment analysis highlights the importance of glutathione metabolism, peroxidase, glycolysis and plant hormone signal transduction in response to flooding acclimation. Besides, the ROS clearance system is activated by significantly expressed glutathione S-transferase and genes encoding SOD and CAT (CAT1 and CDS2). The significant positive correlation between RNA sequencing data and a qPCR analysis indicated that the identified genes were credible. Conclusion: In the process of orchardgrass response to flooding stress, multiple differential genes and biological processes have participated in its acclimation to flooding, especially the biological processes involved in the removal of ROS. These results provide a basis for further research on the adaptation mechanism of orchardgrass to flood tolerance.

The Chinese longsnout catfish ( Leiocassis longirostris Günther) is one of the most economically important freshwater fish in China. As wild populations have declined sharply in recent years, it is also a valuable model for research on sexual dimorphism, comparative biology, and conservation. However, the current lack of high-quality chromosome-level genome information for the species hinders the advancement of comparative genomic analysis and evolutionary studies. Therefore, we constructed the first high-quality chromosome-level reference genome for L. longirostris. The total genome was 703.19 Mb, with 389 contigs and contig N50 length of 4.29 Mb. Using high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data, the genome sequences (685.53 Mb) were scaffolded into 26 chromosomes ranging from 17.36 to 43.97 Mb, resulting in a chromosomal anchoring rate for the genome of 97.44%. In total, 23 708 protein-coding genes were identified in the genome. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that L. longirostris and its closest related species P. fulvidraco diverged approximately 26.6 million years ago. This high-quality reference genome of L. longirostris should pave the way for future genomic comparisons and evolutionary research.