Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) based on electroencephalography (EEG) enable neural activity interpretation for device control, with motor imagery (MI) serving as a key paradigm for decoding imagined movements. Efficient feature extraction from raw EEG signals is essential to improve classification accuracy while minimizing reliance on extensive preprocessing. In this study, we introduce new hybrid architectures to enhance MI classification using data augmentation and a limited number of EEG channels. The first model combines a shallow convolutional neural network and a gated recurrent unit (CNN-GRU), while the second incorporates a convolutional neural network with a bidirectional gated recurrent unit (CNN-Bi-GRU). Evaluated using the publicly available PhysioNet dataset, the CNN-GRU classifier achieved peak mean accuracy rates of 99.71%, 99.73%, 99.61%, and 99.86% for tasks involving left fist (LF), right fist (RF), both fists (LRF), and both feet (BF), respectively. The experimental results provide compelling evidence that our proposed models outperform current state-of-the-art methods, underscoring their efficiency on small-scale EEG datasets. The CNN-GRU and CNN-Bi-GRU architectures exhibit superior predictive reliability, offering a faster, cost-effective solution for user-adaptable MI-BCI applications.

In this paper, we develop the new extended Kumaraswamy generated (NEKwG) family of distributions. It aims to improve the modeling capability of the standard Kumaraswamy family by using a one-parameter exponential-logarithmic transformation. Mathematical developments of the NEKwG family are provided, such as the probability density function series representation, moments, information measure, and order statistics, along with asymptotic distribution results. Two special distributions are highlighted and discussed, namely, the new extended Kumaraswamy uniform (NEKwU) and the new extended Kumaraswamy exponential (NEKwE) distributions. They differ in support, but both have the features to generate models that accommodate versatile skewed data and non-monotone failure rates. We employ maximum likelihood, least-squares estimation, and Bayes estimation methods for parameter estimation. The performance of these methods is discussed using simulation studies. Finally, two real data applications are used to show the flexibility and importance of the NEKwU and NEKwE models in practice.

A new three-parameter distribution called the type I half-logistic Nadarajah-Haghighi (T IHL N H ) is proposed. We discussed some important mathematical and statistical properties of the new model such as an explicit form of its r th moment, mean deviations,quantile function, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves. The Shannon entropy and Renyi entropy are computed, the expression for the Kullback-Leibler divergence measure is provided. The model parameters estimation was approached by the maximum likelihoodestimation (MLE), and the information matrix is obtained. The finite sample properties of the MLEs are investigated numerically by simulation studies; by examining the bias and mean square error of the estimators, and the results was satisfactory. We used tworeal data applications to demonstrate the superior performance of the T IHL N H in terms of fit over some other existing lifetime models.

Motor Imagery (MI) based Brain Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have promising applications in neurorehabilitation for individuals who have lost mobility and control over parts of their body due to brain injuries, such as stroke patients. Accurately classifying MI tasks is essential for effective BCI performance, but this task remains challenging due to the complex and non-stationary nature of EEG signals. This study aims to improve the classification of left and right-hand MI tasks by utilizing high-resolution time-frequency features extracted from EEG signals, enhanced with deep learning-based data augmentation techniques. We propose a novel deep learning framework named the Generalized Wavelet Transform-based Deep Convolutional Network (GDC-Net), which integrates multiple components. First, EEG signals recorded from the C3, C4, and Cz channels are transformed into detailed time-frequency representations using the Generalized Morse Wavelet Transform (GMWT). The selected features are then expanded using a Deep Convolutional Generative Adversarial Network (DCGAN) to generate additional synthetic data and address data scarcity. Finally, the augmented feature maps data are subsequently fed into a hybrid CNN-LSTM architecture, enabling both spatial and temporal feature learning for improved classification. The proposed approach is evaluated on the BCI Competition IV dataset 2b. Experimental results showed that the mean classification accuracy and Kappa value are 89.24% and 0.784, respectively, making them the highest compared to the state-of-the-art algorithms. The integration of GMWT and DCGAN significantly enhances feature quality and model generalization, thereby improving classification performance. These findings demonstrate that GDC-Net delivers superior MI classification performance by effectively capturing high-resolution time-frequency dynamics and enhancing data diversity. This approach holds strong potential for advancing MI-based BCI applications, especially in assistive and rehabilitation technologies.

This article introduces a new three-parameter lifetime model with an increasing and bathtub failure rate functions as an extension of the Mustapha type II distribution (MuII). The model can be very useful in statistical studies, reliability, computer sciences and engineering. Various mathematical and statistical properties of the distribution are discussed, such as moments, mean deviations, Bonferroni and Lorenz curves, entropy, order statistic, and extreme value distributions. Moreover, we consider the bivariate extension of the new model. Statistical inferences by the maximum likelihood method are discussed and assess by simulation studies. Applications of the proposed model to two right-skewed data are presented for illustration. The new model provides a better fit than some other existing distribution as measured by some model selection criteria and goodness of fits statistics.