Multicarrier energy systems have provided the opportunity for users who are experiencing only must-run loads to participate in demand response programs by using self-generation units. In this paper, a bilevel game between so-called energy retailers and consumers with firm loads (as subsystems) is formulated in a multicarrier energy system. In the first level of this game, energy retailers offer selling prices for different energy carriers to maximize their profit. Consequently, consumers react to the offered prices by managing their purchasing power from the retail market to minimize their energy bill in the second level. The proposed approach leads to a mixed integer nonlinear programming problem which is sophisticated to solve. To simplify this complex problem, a solution method based on discretization technique is introduced to approach to an epsilon Nash point. The better performance of the proposed energy system model is shown in comparison with the base case and its effectiveness is validated experimentally over a practical benchmark system. The simulation results show a noticeable reduction in the energy production cost and users’ energy bill. Moreover, energy retailers gain more profit in the proposed approach.

In recent years, the installation of large‐scale photovoltaic (PV) farms (LPFs) is expanding around the world. Due to the addition of LPFs to the power system and increasing their penetration level, they should be able to undertake the most common tasks of conventional power plants in coordinated with other devices in the power system. Damping of low‐frequency oscillation (LFO) through the power system stabilizers (PSSs) is regarded as one of these common tasks. Therefore, the LPF must be able to damp the LFO in coordinated with the PSSs. This paper proposes a new method for LFO damping in power system which is based on optimal coordination of wide‐area measurement‐based fractional‐order proportional‐integral‐derivative (WMFOPID) controller as an auxiliary controller for LPF and PSSs of synchronous generators. The performance evaluation of the optimal coordinated WMFOPID controller is performed in a smart two‐area power system and is compared with other controllers in terms of LFO damping. The simulation results show the better performance of the optimal coordinated WMFOPID controller compared to the uncoordinated case and determine the effectiveness of the novel proposed method for LFO damping. The results also show the high robustness of the optimal WMFOPID controller compared to previous controllers, against some uncertainties in the power system.

This paper presents a model that can be easily used to resolve the energy hub operation problem. The proposed model considers the uncertainty in the input and output ports. The energy hub optimum operation problem needs to be resolved in order to supply several energy loads in combination at the minimum total energy cost. In this study, mixed-integer linear programming was applied to formulate this optimization problem. The power balance, energy storage, and converter limitations of the input and output ports were included as equality and inequality constraints. The total cost of an energy hub was determined by the price of energy carriers. Eventually, deterministic and stochastic versions of the proposed model were tested in a case study. In the test system, electricity, gas, and wind generation were used in the input port, and the output port contained the electrical and thermal load. The results demonstrated that a stochastic model based on different scenarios was more realistic than a deterministic model. However, the total operating cost of an energy hub decreased more in the stochastic model compared to the deterministic model.

The penetration of large-scale photovoltaic farms (LPFs) is ever increasing. Given that LPFs are added to power systems or replaced by conventional power plants, they should undertake the most common tasks of synchronous generators. One of these tasks is the low-frequency oscillation (LFO) damping using power system stabilizer. This paper proposes a general method for LFO damping using LPFs by designing an optimal proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller as a power oscillation damper in the nonlinear control loop of LPF. Considering the need for a valid LPF model, therefore the second generation generic model, developed and approved by western electricity coordinating council, is used. The PID controller is optimally tuned using the particle swarm optimization algorithm in order to produce an effective LFO damping. Finally, the performance of this controller is investigated in the modified two-area test system, showing the proper performance of the LPF for LFO damping using the proposed optimal PID controller in the various operating condition and different short circuit ratio values.

Renewable energies as a solution for environmental issues have always been a key research area due to Demand Response Programs (DRPs). However, the intermittent nature of such energies may cause economic and technological challenges for Independent System Operators (ISOs) besides DRPs, since the acceptable effective solution may exceed the requirement of further investigations. Although, previous studies emphasized employing Demand Response and Renewable Energies in power systems, each problem was investigated independently, and there have been few studies which have investigated these problems simultaneously. In these recent studies, authors neither analyzed these problems simultaneously nor discussed which scientific and practical aspects of demand response and renewable energy injection were employed. Motivated by this requirement, this research has focused on a comprehensive review of recent research of these cases to provide a comprehensive reference for future works.

Distribution companies attempt to present better services, while reducing investment costs, by promoting consumers' participation in demand response programs. They increase the rate of consumers' participation in demand response programs by taking advantage of reward and punishment policies. Increasing consumers' participation in demand response programs is justifiable when it does not have negative impacts on network technical parameters nor decrease the electricity sale rate. Therefore, it seems necessary to determine the maximum level of consumers' optimal participation in implementation of demand response programs. In this article, a new model is presented based on distribution companies' profit maximization considering the technical and economic limitations of distribution networks so that the desired level of consumers' participation in demand response programs can be determined. Since focus on improving any technical parameter of distribution networks may result in damage to other parameters, the proposed model focuses on improving the overall efficiency of distribution networks. This model presents a comprehensive perspective which considers all the parameters of distribution networks in order to find the rate of optimal participation of any consumer based on its consumption group. Finally, the outcome of simulation resulting from implementation of the proposed model on the RBTS-BUS5 distribution network in the MATLAB software approves the true functionality of the proposed model.