Personalized nutrition (PN) represents a transformative approach in dietary science, where individual genetic profiles guide tailored dietary recommendations, thereby optimizing health outcomes and managing chronic diseases more effectively. This review synthesizes key aspects of PN, emphasizing the genetic basis of dietary responses, contemporary research, and practical applications. We explore how individual genetic differences influence dietary metabolisms, thus underscoring the importance of nutrigenomics in developing personalized dietary guidelines. Current research in PN highlights significant gene–diet interactions that affect various conditions, including obesity and diabetes, suggesting that dietary interventions could be more precise and beneficial if they are customized to genetic profiles. Moreover, we discuss practical implementations of PN, including technological advancements in genetic testing that enable real-time dietary customization. Looking forward, this review identifies the robust integration of bioinformatics and genomics as critical for advancing PN. We advocate for multidisciplinary research to overcome current challenges, such as data privacy and ethical concerns associated with genetic testing. The future of PN lies in broader adoption across health and wellness sectors, promising significant advancements in public health and personalized medicine.

Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation that disrupts metabolic homeostasis and increases cardiometabolic risk. The postprandial period, during which individuals spend much of the day, is a critical window when nutrient absorption, lipid metabolism, and immune activation intersect. In obesity, dysfunctional adipose tissue and impaired gut barrier integrity amplify postprandial inflammatory responses through increased translocation of lipopolysaccharides and altered adipokine secretion. These processes converge on signaling pathways such as Toll-like receptor 4/nuclear factor-κB, c-Jun n-terminal kinase, and the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, leading to insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction, and atherogenesis. This review synthesizes evidence on the interplay between gut-derived endotoxemia and adipose tissue dysfunction in postprandial inflammation. We further highlight the modulatory roles of dietary fat quality, plant-based dietary patterns, polyphenols, omega-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, and nuclear receptor activation, particularly through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Emerging evidence indicates that nutritional and pharmacological strategies targeting these mechanisms can attenuate postprandial inflammation and improve metabolic outcomes. A combined approach integrating personalized nutrition, functional foods, and therapies targeting PPAR isoforms may represent a promising avenue for mitigating obesity-associated postprandial inflammation and long-term cardiometabolic complications.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are among the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests connections between CVD risk factors―including hypertension (HTN), hyperlipidemia (HLP), diabetes mellitus (DM), obesity, and physical inactivity―and AD. The Mediterranean–DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) dietary pattern has recently garnered considerable attention as a key preventive strategy for both CVDs and AD. While previous studies have examined the connections between CVD risk factors and AD, they have not thoroughly explored their underlying mechanisms. Therefore, the current literature review aims to synthesize the literature and highlight underlying mechanisms from preclinical to clinical studies to elucidate the relationship between CVD risk factors, AD, and the role of the MIND dietary pattern in these conditions. The MIND dietary pattern emphasizes foods rich in antioxidants and brain-healthy nutrients such as vitamin E, folate, polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, fiber, monounsaturated fatty acids, and omega-3 fatty acids. These components have been associated with reduced amyloid-β accumulation in preclinical studies and may contribute to the prevention of AD, either directly or indirectly by affecting CVD risk factors. Despite the extensive evidence from preclinical and observational studies, few clinical trials have investigated the effects of the MIND dietary pattern on cognitive health. Therefore, long-term clinical trials are required to better understand and establish the potential role of the MIND dietary pattern in preventing and managing AD.

Background/Objectives: A pilot study was conducted to investigate the effect of four weeks of creatine monohydrate (CrM) on vascular endothelial function in older adults. Methods: In a double-blind, randomized crossover trial, twelve sedentary, healthy older adults were allocated to either the CrM or placebo (PL) group for four weeks, at a dose of 4 × 5 g/day for 5 days, followed by 1 × 5 g/day for 23 days. Macrovascular function (flow-mediated dilation [FMD%], normalized FMD%, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity [baPWV], pulse wave analysis [PWA]), microvascular function (microvascular reperfusion rate [% StO₂/sec]), and biomarkers of vascular function (tetrahydrobiopterin [BH₄], malondialdehyde [MDA], oxidized low-density lipoprotein [oxLDL], glucose, lipids) were assessed pre- and post-supplementation with a four-week washout period. Results: CrM significantly increased FMD% (pre-CrM, 7.68 ± 2.25%; post-CrM, 8.9 ± 1.99%; p < 0.005), and normalized FMD% (pre-CrM, 2.57 × 10⁻⁴ ± 1.03 × 10⁻⁴%/AUC_SR; post-CrM, 3.42 × 10⁻⁴ ± 1.69 × 10⁻⁴%/AUC_SR; p < 0.05), compared to PL. Microvascular reperfusion rates increased following CrM (pre-CrM, 2.29 ± 1.42%/sec; post-CrM, 3.71 ± 1.44%/sec; p < 0.05), with no change following PL. A significant reduction in fasting glucose (pre-CrM, 103.64 ± 6.28; post-CrM, 99 ± 4.9 mg/dL; p < 0.05) and triglycerides (pre-CrM, 99.82 ± 35.35; post-CrM, 83.82 ± 37.65 mg/dL; p < 0.05) was observed following CrM. No significant differences were observed for any other outcome. Conclusions: These pilot data indicate that four weeks of CrM supplementation resulted in favorable effects on several indices of vascular function in older adults.

Background: Prediabetes is on the rise and can progress to type 2 diabetes and related cardiometabolic complications if left untreated. Nutrition plays a critical role in blood glucose regulation, and evaluating the effects of whole foods on indices of glycemic control and body composition within individuals with prediabetes is important. This study examined whether consuming one average fresh mango daily for 24 weeks could improve the blood glucose indices and body composition in individuals with prediabetes. Methods: The participants were randomly assigned to either a treatment group (~300 g mango daily for 24 weeks) or a control group (an isocaloric granola bar daily for 24 weeks). Laboratory visits were conducted at baseline and at weeks 6, 12, and 24 to distribute the study regimen and collect anthropometric measurements, body composition data, and blood samples. Results: Twenty-three participants completed this study (treatment: n = 11; control: n = 12). At week 24, the treatment group had lower fasting blood glucose (p < 0.02) and improved insulin sensitivity (QUICKI, p = 0.02), and indicated a trend toward lower insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, p = 0.05) compared with the control. The mean HbA₁c remained stable in the treatment group but increased in the control group (p = 0.02). In the treatment group, the body fat percentage showed a borderline decrease (p = 0.05), while the fat-free mass increased (p < 0.03); no significant changes were observed in the control group. Conclusions: The daily consumption of mango for 24 weeks improved the glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in adults with prediabetes, which supports the potential of mango as a practical dietary intervention for metabolic health.

Background: Prediabetes is on the rise and can progress to type 2 diabetes and related cardiometabolic complications if left untreated. Nutrition plays a critical role in blood glucose regulation, and evaluating the effects of whole foods on indices of glycemic control and body composition within individuals with prediabetes is important. This study examined whether consuming one average fresh mango daily for 24 weeks could improve blood glucose indices and body composition in individuals with prediabetes. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to either a treatment group (~300g mango daily for 24 weeks) or a control group (an isocaloric granola bar daily for 24 weeks). Laboratory visits were conducted at baseline and at weeks 6, 12, and 24 to distribute the study regimen and collect anthropometric measurements, body composition data, and blood samples. Results: Twenty-three participants completed the study (treatment: n = 11; control: n = 12). At week 24, the treatment group had lower fasting blood glucose (p < 0.02), improved insulin sensitivity (QUICKI, p = 0.02), and reduced insulin resistance (HOMA-IR, p = 0.05) compared with the control. Mean HbA₁c remained stable in the treatment group but increased in the control group (p = 0.02). In the treatment group, body fat percentage decreased (p = 0.05) and fat-free mass increased (p < 0.03), with no significant changes in the control group. Conclusions: Daily consumption of mango for 24 weeks enhanced glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and body composition in adults with prediabetes, supporting its potential as a practical dietary intervention for metabolic health.