In recent years, there has been a growing interest in sustainable business models. Through their development, companies can increase their presence in the global market, contributing to a more responsible use of its resources. Sustainable business model development plays a significant role in motivating companies to innovate towards sustainability and is a powerful driver of market competitiveness. This article aims to present the concepts and elements of sustainable business models in the context of literature research and to analyze their implementation in Polish companies by defining the scope of activities for the economy, environment, and society. The research included a comparative analysis of the academic literature on sustainable business models and an analysis of empirical research conducted on a nationwide sample of 231 Polish small, medium, and large enterprises operating across the country. A diagnostic survey method using a survey questionnaire was used. They were most concerned with the ‘green economy’ area, followed by the social area and those related to staff personal development. Companies of different sizes have integrated the dimensions of TBL differently, depending on their perception and interpretation of economic, social, and environmental activities. This integration level determines the strategies that companies adopt, appropriate to the objectives set and the resources available.

Artificial neural network models for the task of detection are used in many fields and find various applications. Models of this kind require adequate computational resources and thus require adequate energy expenditure. The increase in the number of parameters, the complexity of architectures, and the need to process large data sets significantly increase energy consumption, which is becoming a key sustainability challenge. Optimization of computing and the development of energy-efficient hardware technologies are essential to reduce the energy footprint of these models. This article examines the effect of the type of model, as well as its parameters, on energy consumption during inference. For this purpose, sensors built into the graphics card were used, and software was developed to measure the energy demand of the graphics card for different architectures of YOLO models (v8, v9, v10), as well as for different batch and model sizes. This study showed that the increase in energy demand is not linearly dependent on batch size. After a certain level of batch size, the energy demand begins to decrease. This dependence does not occur only for n/t size models. Optimum utilization of computing power due to the number of processed images for the studied models occurs at the maximum studied batch size. In addition, tests were conducted on an embedded device.

This study investigated the variability of water quality indicators in four municipal water distribution systems near a medium-sized city. Despite the proximity of water intakes, water quality in different distribution systems can vary significantly due to local factors such as infrastructure conditions, treatment technology, and specific environmental conditions affecting water in each water supply network. Water samples were collected from multiple points in each system and analyzed for physicochemical properties. The results showed significant differences in total carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and ammonium nitrogen, indicating variability in water quality between systems. These results emphasize the need for integrated management strategies, innovative technologies, and real-time monitoring to maintain water quality. The study also highlights challenges such as aging infrastructure, pollution, and financial constraints in managing water supplies.

The purpose of the study is to conduct an empirical assessment of how employees perceive sustainable business model practices within Polish companies operating across the manufacturing, trade, and service industries. The novelty of the study lies in incorporating the perspective of employees as key stakeholders and in comparing evaluations of sustainability practices across industries and enterprises of different sizes. The analysis is based on a three-dimensional model of sustainable development practices, encompassing the green economy, the social dimension, and employee development, whose structure was previously confirmed through factor analysis. The study involved 231 employees representing enterprises of various sizes, and the data was collected using a validated measurement instrument. Statistical analyses, including Kruskal–Wallis tests and linear regression models, revealed that employees rate initiatives related to employee development the highest, followed by social practices, while green economy initiatives receive the lowest evaluations. The perception of practices varies by industry and enterprise size, while seniority and position are of limited importance. The results highlight the differentiated perception of sustainability initiatives within organizations and indicate areas requiring strengthening, particularly regarding environmental actions. The article provides practical guidance for designing sustainability strategies and HR policies and serves as a foundation for further research on employees’ perceptions of sustainable development practices.

The study aims to empirically analyze employees' perceptions of sustainable business model practices in Polish enterprises operating in the manufacturing, trade, and service sectors. The study is based on a three-dimensional model of sustainable development practices, encompassing the green economy, the social dimension, and employee development, whose structure was previously confirmed through factor analysis. The study involved 231 employees representing enterprises of various sizes, and the data were collected using a validated measurement instrument. Statistical analyses, including Kruskal–Wallis tests and linear regression models, revealed that employees rate initiatives related to employee development the highest, followed by social practices, while green economy initiatives receive the lowest evaluations. The perception of practices varies by industry and enterprise size, while seniority and position are of limited importance. The results highlight the differentiated perception of sustainability initiatives within organizations and indicate areas requiring strengthening, particularly regarding environmental actions. The article provides practical guidance for designing sustainability strategies and HR policies and also serves as a foundation for further research on employees’ perceptions of sustainable development practices.