Nanocomposites with polymer matrix provide tremendous opportunities to investigate new functions beyond those of traditional materials. The global community is gradually tending toward the use of composite and nanocomposite materials. This review is aimed at reporting the recent developments and understanding revolving around hybridizing fillers for composite materials. The influence of various analyses, characterizations, and mechanical properties of the hybrid filler are considered. The introduction of hybrid fillers to polymer matrices enhances the macro and micro properties of the composites and nanocomposites resulting from the synergistic interactions between the hybrid fillers and the polymers. In this review, the synergistic impact of using hybrid fillers in the production of developing composite and nanocomposite materials is highlighted. The use of hybrid fillers offers a viable way to improve the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of these sophisticated materials. This study explains the many tactics and methodologies used to install hybrid fillers into composite and nanocomposite matrices by conducting a thorough analysis of recent research. Furthermore, the synergistic interactions of several types of fillers, including organic–inorganic, nano–micro, and bio-based fillers, are fully investigated. The performance benefits obtained from the synergistic combination of various fillers are examined, as well as their prospective applications in a variety of disciplines. Furthermore, the difficulties and opportunities related to the use of hybrid fillers are critically reviewed, presenting perspectives on future research paths in this rapidly expanding area of materials science.

Corrosion challenges associated with acid washing in the oil and gas sector are yet to be resolved, thereby incurring additional costs for production. Due to some synergistic attributes of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and organic compounds such as polyvinylpyrrolidone and cysteine (PVPC), this study aims to investigate the effect of their composites on the corrosion resistance capability. Materials were synthesized to form the PVPC nanocomposite. Different percentages of titanium dioxide nanoparticles were then added to HCl solutions at 60°C, and the resulting samples were subsequently characterized. The characterization was done through Fourier transform infrared to determine the chemical stability of the nanocomposite, and the scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the surface structure, whereas potentiostat was used for the electrochemical studies. The results show that the addition of PVPC alone to the acid solution improves the corrosion resistance of AISI 304, but the performance of composites worsened as the concentration of TiO₂ increased. It summarizes the negative impact of the corrosion on the chosen material. The research indicates no synergistic inhibition mechanisms existed between the inorganic TiO₂ and organic PVPC. Therefore, sticking with pure PVPC proves ultimate. Research in this area contributes to the fundamental understanding of nanocomposite-driven corrosion protection and the development of practical corrosion-resistant materials.

The usage of different powders to enhance the surface properties of base materials has an impact on the cost. Laser Metal Deposition (LMD) of Ti6Al4V + W composite was used and the effect of laser power and scanning speed was investigated. The microstructure, microhardness, and x-ray diffraction analyses, and wear tests were conducted. The microstructure of the samples fabricated using higher laser power (1400W) displayed larger grains when compared to the ones fabricated using lower laser power (800 W). The Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) values showed some changes with the variation of scanning speeds. Furthermore, the x-ray diffraction patterns did not show the formation of new phases. A similar trend on the microhardness profiles for all the fabricated samples was observed. Higher microhardness values were observed in the top part of the deposited material. The microhardness profile showed similar trends for all the analysed samples. Higher microhardness values were measured at the top of deposition and decreased progressively. On the other hand, the scanning speed did not affect the wear volume, though the highest wear volume of 0.144 mm was observed for the sample fabricated using 800 W laser power and 0.7 m min⁻¹. This shows that process parameters such as laser power and scanning have an impact on the resulting properties of deposited composite material.

In this work, the influence of strut thickness on the deformation and failure mechanisms of new vascular bundle–inspired structures, which exhibit comparable or better mechanical properties than honeycomb and star‐shaped lattices, is presented. The novelty of the work lies on the design of the structure; this is a new structure, and its behavior has not been reported elsewhere. Structures consisting of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0‐, and 1.15‐mm strut thicknesses were designed, modeled, fabricated, and tested. A finite element model of a quasi‐static compression test is developed in ANSYS Explicit Dynamics to evaluate the deformation and failure mechanisms of the various structures. It is demonstrated that 0.2‐ and 0.5‐mm structures exhibit stretch‐dominated stress–strain behavior, whereas 1.0‐ and 1.15‐mm structures show bend‐dominated stress–strain characteristics. As the strut thickness increases, there is an increase in peak stresses (with reported peak stresses of 1.3, 1.4, 5, and 5.1 MPa for 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.15 mm, respectively) and energy absorption (reported values of 33.84, 31.48, 159.28, and 179.07 J for thicknesses of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.15 mm, respectively) characteristics. Poisson's ratio values of the samples ranged between 0.6 and 1.2. Additionally, the deformation mechanisms transform from perpendicular collapse of the structure to 45° bending (shearing) of the structure from low to higher strut thickness. As the strut thickness increases, the failure mechanisms transform from ductile fracture to near‐brittle failure of the structures. The findings in this paper provide key insights into the design and fabrication of next‐generation vascular bundle–inspired multifunctional materials for lightweight structural applications. As a contribution, the energy absorption and peak stress values for the vascular bundle structures presented in this paper are comparable to published data on similar PLA lattice structures.

Biodiesel, with its nature of cleanliness, biodegradability, and renewability, has emerged as a promising alternative to fossil fuels, offering environmental benefits and energy security. It has also been utilized over the years to enhance energy self-sufficiency, reduce import costs, and bolster domestic transportation for agricultural development. However, its widespread adoption hinges on overcoming economic and market barriers. This chapter examines cutting-edge technological innovations in biodiesel production, as well as key operating factors such as reactor structure, temperature, molar ratio of alcohol to oil, cavitation, catalyst, and time, that enhance cost-effectiveness, scalability, and integration into existing energy markets. It examines feedstock diversification, process optimization, biotechnological advances, and digital tools that collectively shape the future of biodiesel. Non-edible oils, waste cooking oil, animal fats, and algal biomass are increasingly explored to mitigate the “food versus fuel” dilemma and improve economic feasibility. Advances in catalytic systems, including heterogeneous catalysts, enzyme-based transesterification, and supercritical fluid technologies, have significantly improved reaction rates, reduced energy consumption, and enabled the use of low-cost, high-FFA feedstocks. Digital tools and AI-driven optimization are reshaping biodiesel production by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive modeling, and process intensification. These innovations, coupled with supportive policy frameworks, carbon credit schemes, and renewable fuel mandates, are accelerating biodiesel’s integration into mainstream energy markets. Furthermore, integrated biorefineries that co-produce biodiesel alongside high-value chemicals such as glycerol derivatives and bioethanol enhance profitability and resource utilization. Ultimately, technological innovation is the linchpin for biodiesel’s economic viability and market competitiveness, positioning it as a scalable, sustainable, and strategic contributor to global energy transition.