Background/Objectives: Andiroba oil, extracted from Carapa guianensis seeds, possesses therapeutic properties including anti-inflammatory and wound healing effects. This study aimed to develop and characterize a nanoemulsion formulation containing andiroba oil (NeAnd) and to evaluate its cytotoxicity and wound healing potential in vitro. Methods: The oil was evaluated for acidity, antioxidant activity, and fatty acid composition. NeAnd was produced by ultrasonication and characterized using FTIR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), Raman spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Results: NeAnd exhibited a spherical shape and stable physicochemical properties, with an average hydrodynamic diameter (HD) of 205.7 ± 3.9 nm, a polydispersity index (PdI) of 0.295 ± 0.05, a negative zeta potential of −4.16 ± 0.414 mV, and pH of approximately 6.5. These nanodroplets remained stable for 120 days when stored at 4 °C and maintained their parameters even under pH variations. FTIR and Raman analyses confirmed the presence of functional groups and the organization of fatty acid chains in NeAnd. Cell viability assays revealed no statistically significant differences in cytotoxicity at various concentrations (90–360 µg/mL) after 24 and 48 h. In scratch wound healing assays, NeAnd significantly enhanced wound closure (88.9%) compared to the PBS control (38%) and free andiroba oil (68.6%) in keratinocytes (p < 0.05). Conclusions: These promising findings indicate NeAnd as a potential nanophytomedicine for wound healing and tissue regeneration treatments.

The healing process of diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) presents a slow pattern with an increased risk of infections, ischemia, and thrombosis correlated with high levels of reactive oxygen species production. Vascular injury is one of the factors contributing to the difficulty of wound healing in diabetic patients. Although the understanding of the pathophysiology of DFUs has significantly increased in recent years, associated treatments still have a high level of failure, leading to high morbidity rates, mortality, and amputations. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture platforms offer a new approach to investigating and treating these wounds, as they can reproduce one or more physiological systems in a relevant microenvironment. This systematic review describes the advancements, challenges, and future implications of advanced 3D culture models in vascularization, encompassing pathophysiological understanding, treatment, and prognostic perspectives. We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. This work was registered under PROSPERO protocol number CRD42022336473. The eligibility criteria addressed studies related to chronic DFUs that analyzed vascularization during the healing process. The selected study designs involved 3D cultures and organ-on-a- chip (OoC) platforms, utilizing either primary or secondary human cell lines. Studies published more than 10 years ago or using only animal cells in 2D culture environments were excluded. The search was conducted in PubMed, LILACS, Embase, MEDLINE, IEEE, the BSV regional portal, ScienceDirect, Scopus, CINAHL, EBSCO, and Web of Science. A total of 2,539 relevant studies were identified as of June 1, 2025. After screening, only seven met the inclusion criteria. These studies reflect a growing interest in using hydrogel scaffolds and microfluidic systems to replicate diabetic skin environments; however, the field remains in an early stage of development. OoC platforms, in particular, stand out for their ability to recreate dynamic, tissue-like conditions and vascular function. While some promising attempts have been made to combine hydrogels with these technologies, the evidence is still limited and inconclusive for chronic wound modeling. This review underscores both the potential and the urgent need for more robust and translational research in this area—especially toward building personalized, clinically relevant models to support future drug testing and therapeutic innovation.

Hundreds of toxins, particularly from scorpions of lesser medical significance, remain unknown, especially those from species endemic to specific ecosystems, such as Tityus fasciolatus. Their discovery could contribute to the development of new drugs for channelopathies and other diseases. Tf5 is a new peptide that has been identified from the venom of Tityus fasciolatus, a scorpion species endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado ecosystem. A full-length cDNA sequence of the Tf5 gene was obtained through a previously constructed transcriptomic library, where an ORF (Open Reading Frame) sequence with a length of 180 was found, including the 37 aa mature KTx domain, which has six Cys residues. Tf5 was purified from the crude venom, resulting in a peptide with a molecular mass of 3983.95 Da. Its K⁺ channel blocker activity was evaluated on Kv1.1, Kv1.2, Kv1.3, and Kv1.4 subtypes. Of these Kv channels, the peptide demonstrated an ability to block Kv1.2 and Kv1.3 with an IC₅₀ of 15.53 nM and 116.41 nM, respectively. Additionally, Tf5 shares a high degree of sequence identity with toxins from the α-KTx4 subfamily, which led to it being classified as α-KTx4.9. This is the first Kv channel blocker described from the T. fasciolatus scorpion.