In addition to the socio-economic advantages, tourism has been proven to be one of the most important sectors with adverse environmental effects. Therefore, this study examines the relationship between tourism and environmental sustainability by using a panel data from 32 countries in Latin America and the European Union for the period 2000–2019. Several techniques of cointegration and convergence of clusters are used to meet this objective. The empirical results show that on average, tourism growth has a negative impact on the environment in the two groups of countries, which could be attributed to the heterogeneity of the level of regional tourism development. On the other hand, the convergence of tourism growth and environmental sustainability is evident at different adjustment speeds in the different sample panels. It generates empirical evidence on whether the current expansion of the tourism sector in Latin American and European countries entails significant environmental externalities by using the ecological footprint variable as an indicator of environmental sustainability and foreign tourist arrivals as an economic indicator.

Vulnerability to hazards is a critical global issue, as it not only depends on the magnitude of natural hazards but also on the underlying social and economic conditions of communities. Understanding these factors is essential for designing effective risk reduction strategies and informed policy decisions. The objective of this research is to define a social vulnerability index (SoVI) and to analyse its distribution at the provincial and urban levels by applying different aggregation methods. This study provides a novel approach by examining the sensitivity of the index to different weighting methodologies, addressing a gap in the literature regarding the robustness of social vulnerability measures. An alternative approach is provided to determine the sensitivity of the SoVI in regions, in addition to understanding the dynamics of the socioeconomic characteristics considered in the territory and contributing to the theoretical and normative discussion of the construction of the index. To meet the objective, a sensitivity analysis is provided through different methods of weighting the vulnerability dimensions. The results indicate that the distribution of the SoVI in the provinces of Ecuador is heterogeneous, highlighting the importance of considering local socioeconomic contexts in vulnerability assessments. Additionally, the study shows that the values of the constructed index are sensitive to the weighting methods of the dimensions, which underscores the need for a careful selection of aggregation techniques to ensure reliable policy implications. It was also possible to identify that when social vulnerability is analysed at the city level, these show higher values than the corresponding provinces, challenging the common assumption that urban areas inherently provide better living conditions. This finding contributes to the ongoing debate on the impacts of rapid urbanization on social vulnerability.

En un mundo cada vez más orientado hacia los datos, la estadística se ha convertido en una disciplina esencial para una amplia gama de campos profesionales y académicos. Desde la economía y las ciencias sociales hasta la medicina y la ingeniería, la capacidad de recolectar, analizar e interpretar datos es fundamental para la toma de decisiones informadas. Los datos no solo proporcionan un espejo para observar el pasado, sino que también son una brújula para guiar el futuro. Sin embargo, para aprovechar todo su potencial, es necesario comprender los principios estadísticos y saber como usarlos de manera efectiva. Este libro esta diseñado precisamente con ese objetivo: proporcionar una guía completa y accesible para el aprendizaje de la estadística y su aplicación práctica mediante herramientas cómo el SPSS. Este texto se organiza de manera sistemática, al empezar con las generalidades y abordar conceptos fundamentales que sientan las bases para el entendimiento del análisis de datos. La introducción a la estadística incluye definiciones clave, la clasificación de los diferentes tipos de variables y una explicación sobre las escalas de mediación, elementos esenciales para cualquier análisis cuantitativo. Con este primer capítulo, los lectores desarrollarán una comprensión sólida de qué es la estadística y como se clasifica en diferentes tipos, ya sea descriptiva o inferencial, así como una diferenciación clara entre las variables cualitativas y cuantitativas. Además, se profundiza en las fuentes y tipos de datos, lo que proporciona un marco teórico sobre cómo se originan y cómo deben tratarse para su análisis.

The current environmental degradation demands indicators capable of capturing the real impact that economies exert on ecosystems. For this purpose, the ecological footprint is used as a comprehensive metric that links production, consumption, and the biocapacity of territories. However, the literature has not examined how the three economic sectors collectively affect the ecological footprint. This study analyzes the impact of the value added of agriculture, industry, and services on the ecological footprint of 101 countries between 2010 and 2024. The results confirm long-term cointegration across high, upper-middle, and low income groups. In the quantiles, agriculture shows a significant negative effect across the entire distribution; industry is negative at the 10th percentile and positive from the 20th percentile onward; and services show a decreasing positive effect, not significant at the 90th percentile. The GLS model confirms the direction of these results globally, although it introduces relevant heterogeneity by income group for all three sectors. These findings support the use of the ecological footprint as a comprehensive measure by demonstrating that the relationship between structural change and sustainability depends on the level of income and the ecological position of the country, which requires differentiated policies aimed at clean industries, green services and sustainable agriculture.

Los sistemas agroforestales (SAF) que integran el cultivo de café, reconocidos como SAF café o café bajo sombra, proporcionan una amplia gama de servicios ecosistémicos, los cuales no solo mejoran las condiciones socioeconómicas de las familias involucradas en la producción de café, sino que también contribuyen al enriquecimiento de la calidad ambiental en las comunidades donde se implementan. El propósito de la presente investigación consistió en identificar estrategias dentro de los sistemas agroforestales que fortalezcan el desarrollo integral de la producción cafetalera en la parroquia San Pedro de Vilcabamba. Para lo cual se llevó a cabo una exhaustiva revisión bibliométrica centrada en las estrategias agroforestales aplicadas a la producción de café, que permitieron realizar un diagnóstico completo de las diversas estrategias empleadas en la producción de café y en base a una encuesta aplicada a expertos en el área para seleccionar aquellas que mejor se adapten a la parroquia de estudio. Los principales resultados muestran un aumento en el número de investigaciones respecto a las estrategias agroforestales en la producción de café en la base de datos Scopus y Radelyc, especialmente en Latinoamérica. Además, se identificaron dos tipos de SAF aplicados al café: tradicionales y comerciales; no obstante, se determinó que la elección de estrategias SAF para la parroquia San Pedro de Vilcabamba debe basarse en un diseño agronómico que dependerá de diversos factores que deben ser evaluados en función de las condiciones específicas de la región, los objetivos del productor y las características del entorno.

The scientific production of a country drives economic, technological, and social development by generating knowledge, fostering innovation, and enhancing competitiveness. It also contributes to addressing global challenges and strengthening both education systems and international cooperation. Given its impact on national sustainability and progress, this study analyzes the influence of key variables-globalization, civil liberties, R&D expenditure, and GDP per capita-on the volume of scientific publications across 15 Latin American countries between 2001 and 2019, using the panel quantile regression method. The findings reveal that scientific production, measured by the number of published articles, is positively influenced by GDP per capita, globalization, and civil liberties. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of R&D expenditure, both public and private, in knowledge generation. This research suggests that policymakers should promote economic development through the region's scientific capabilities to foster sustainable development and technological progress in Latin America.