Purpose: This systematic review was conducted to identify the impact of upper body warm-up on performance and injury prevention outcomes. Methods: Web of Science, MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, PsycINFO and Cochrane databases were searched using terms related to upper extremity warm-up. Inclusion criteria were English language randomised controlled trials from peer-reviewed journals in which investigation of upper body warm-up on performance and injury prevention outcomes was a primary aim. Included studies were assessed for methodological quality using the PEDro scale. A wide variety of warm-up modes and outcomes precluded meta-analysis except for one group of studies. The majority of warm-ups were assessed as having ‘positive’, ‘neutral’, ‘negative’ or ‘specific’ effects on outcomes. Results: Thirty-one studies met the inclusion criteria with 21 rated as having ‘good’ methodological quality. The studies investigated a total of 25 warm-up modes and 43 outcome factors that could be grouped into eight mode and performance outcome categories. No studies of upper body warm-up effects on injury prevention were discovered. Conclusions: Strong research-based evidence was found for the following: high-load dynamic warm-ups enhance power and strength performance; warm-up swings with a standard weight baseball bat are most effective for enhancing bat speed; short-duration static stretching warm-up has no effect on power outcomes; and passive heating/cooling is a largely ineffective warm-up mode. A clear knowledge gap in upper body warm-up literature is the lack of investigation of injury prevention outcomes.

Study Design. Cohort study. Objectives. To develop and establish the psychometric properties of Korean versions of 4 neck pain and disability questionnaires: the Neck Disability Index, Neck Pain and Disability Scale, Functional Rating Index, and Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SFMPQ). Summary of Background Data. To our knowledge, there are no published Korean language neck pain and disability measures. Methods. Versions of each questionnaire in idiomatic modern Korean were developed with a process involving initial independent translation, synthesis of the translations, independent back translation, and review by an expert committee to achieve equivalence with the original English. Psychometric testing of the questionnaires with 261 subjects was undertaken to examine test-retest reliability, internal consistency, discriminative validity, and longitudinal construct validity. Results. Test-retest reliability of the translated versions of the 3 disability questionnaires was excellent (intraclass correlation coefficient_[2,1] = 0.86–0.90). High internal consistency was found in the 3 disability questionnaires (Cronbach-α ranged from α = 0.88 for the Functional Rating Index to α = 0.96 for the Neck Pain and Disability Scale, and 0.82 for the SFMPQ). The visual analog scale subscale of the SFMPQ was the most responsive of the subscales (effect size = 1.44, standardized response mean = 1.37). The visual analog scale was also the most responsive pain and disability index in internal responsiveness analysis, although disability indexes showed marginally better responsiveness when compared with external standards. No floor or ceiling effects were observed. Conclusions. We conclude that the questionnaires were successfully translated and show acceptable measurement properties, and, as such, are suitable for use in clinical and research applications.

Characterizing the variability of disease severity within and between types of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is important to increase knowledge of genotype-phenotype associations and improve our understanding of the prognosis of this disorder. Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is the most common inherited neuropathy, with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 2500.¹ Next-generation sequencing has resulted in a rapid expansion of gene discovery in CMT, with more than 80 genes identified and many more still to be discovered.² Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease is often characterized by distal weakness, foot deformity, sensory loss, areflexia, and difficulties with gait^2,3; however, the frequency of these disease manifestations and the variability within and between types of CMT are poorly understood. While the prevalence of each type of CMT is becoming clearer, less is known about the clinical characteristics of each of these genetic types in childhood.