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Xing-Min Meng
School of Earth Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

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Journal article
Published: 06 August 2021 in Sustainability
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Gendered vulnerability from women’s point of view has gained popularity in disaster studies in recent decades especially in the Global South. The positioning of women in society during normal times gives rise to vulnerabilities that are revealed when a disaster strikes. These vulnerabilities are often deep-rooted in societal makeup, cultural and traditional norms, and the economic fabric of society. In the context of Pakistan, the role of women in disaster risk reduction programs is still an under-researched area. In this paper, the gendered vulnerability progression in one of the mountain rural communities of Hassanabad in Hunza Valley (Northern Pakistan) is analyzed post-Shishper glacier lake outburst flood (GLOF) in 2019 and 2020. The study uses empirical qualitative data. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with men and women of different age groups within Hassanabad village. A thematic gendered analysis unveiled several interlinked social, economic, and institutional vulnerabilities. The gendered transitional phase of Hassanabad society positively indicates women’s involvement in different spheres of life, including disaster management and mitigation. However, the lack of gender consideration on a formal institutional level exacerbates the gendered vulnerabilities in Hassanabad village. The case study of Hassanabad demonstrated that women not only have an awareness of hazards but are also willing to participate proactively in disaster mitigation activities. Therefore, to reduce community vulnerability and yield long-term positive outcomes of disaster management and mitigation strategies, women must be involved at the formal institutional levels.

ACS Style

Zainab Khalid; Xing-Min Meng; Abda Khalid. A Qualitative Insight into Gendered Vulnerabilities: A Case Study of the Shishper GLOF in Hunza Valley, Pakistan. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8798 .

AMA Style

Zainab Khalid, Xing-Min Meng, Abda Khalid. A Qualitative Insight into Gendered Vulnerabilities: A Case Study of the Shishper GLOF in Hunza Valley, Pakistan. Sustainability. 2021; 13 (16):8798.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zainab Khalid; Xing-Min Meng; Abda Khalid. 2021. "A Qualitative Insight into Gendered Vulnerabilities: A Case Study of the Shishper GLOF in Hunza Valley, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 16: 8798.

Original article
Published: 13 July 2021 in Journal of Mountain Science
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On 18 January 2016, the Zhangjiazhuang high-speed railway tunnel in Ledu, Qinghai Province, China, underwent serious deformation and structural damage. A crack formed at the top of the tunnel and the concrete on the crown peeled off. As a result, the tunnel could not be operated for three months. In order to determine the types and spatial distribution of the landslides in the region and the surface deformation characteristics associated with the tunnel deformation, we used field geological and geomorphological surveys, unmanned aerial vehicle image interpretation and differential interferometric synthetic aperture radar (D-InSAR) surface deformation monitoring. Nine ancient and old landslides were identified and analysed in the study area. Surface deformation monitoring and investigation of buildings in several villages on the slope front showed that the tunnel deformation was not related to deep-seated gravitational slope deformation. However, surface deformation monitoring revealed an active NEE-SWW fault in the area intersecting the tunnel at the location of the tunnel rupture. This constitutes a plausible mechanism for the deformation of the tunnel. Our study highlights the need for detailed engineering geomorphological investigations to better predict the occurrence of tunnel deformation events in the future.

ACS Style

Xing-Min Meng; Tian-Jun Qi; Yan Zhao; Tom Dijkstra; Wei Shi; Yin-Fei Luo; Yuan-Zhao Wu; Xiao-Jun Su; Fu-Meng Zhao; Jin-Hui Ma; Yi Zhang; Guan Chen; Dong-Xia Chen; Mao-Sheng Zhang. Deformation of the Zhangjiazhuang high-speed railway tunnel: an analysis of causal mechanisms using geomorphological surveys and D-InSAR monitoring. Journal of Mountain Science 2021, 18, 1920 -1936.

AMA Style

Xing-Min Meng, Tian-Jun Qi, Yan Zhao, Tom Dijkstra, Wei Shi, Yin-Fei Luo, Yuan-Zhao Wu, Xiao-Jun Su, Fu-Meng Zhao, Jin-Hui Ma, Yi Zhang, Guan Chen, Dong-Xia Chen, Mao-Sheng Zhang. Deformation of the Zhangjiazhuang high-speed railway tunnel: an analysis of causal mechanisms using geomorphological surveys and D-InSAR monitoring. Journal of Mountain Science. 2021; 18 (7):1920-1936.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xing-Min Meng; Tian-Jun Qi; Yan Zhao; Tom Dijkstra; Wei Shi; Yin-Fei Luo; Yuan-Zhao Wu; Xiao-Jun Su; Fu-Meng Zhao; Jin-Hui Ma; Yi Zhang; Guan Chen; Dong-Xia Chen; Mao-Sheng Zhang. 2021. "Deformation of the Zhangjiazhuang high-speed railway tunnel: an analysis of causal mechanisms using geomorphological surveys and D-InSAR monitoring." Journal of Mountain Science 18, no. 7: 1920-1936.

Journal article
Published: 24 June 2021 in International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction
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The rural communities in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region live in a multi-hazard environment where climate change has exacerbated the frequency of extreme weather events and caused huge social and economic losses. Vulnerability assessment has emerged to understand various dimensions and effects of natural hazards on human settlements. This study has proposed a modified multidimensional vulnerability assessment method. Relevant indicators have been quantified through indices under six dimensions of vulnerability, i.e., social, economic, physical, institutional, attitudinal, and gender. This study introduces ‘gender’ as a sixth non-static dimension of vulnerability. The model was operationalized for three rural communities from the Hunza-Nagar districts in the Pakistani Hindu Kush Himalayan Region. The results revealed that communities are highly vulnerable to natural hazards in all dimensions. Low economic status, inadequate infrastructure, poor risk perception, and gender-exclusive plans are responsible for high vulnerabilities. Overall, this study contributes to an updated methodology, which can be implemented in other hazard-prone mountain communities at national and regional levels.

ACS Style

Zainab Khalid; Xingmin Meng; Irfan Ahmad Rana; Mohib Ur Rehman; Xiaojun Su. Holistic Multidimensional vulnerability assessment: An empirical investigation on rural communities of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, Northern Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 2021, 62, 102413 .

AMA Style

Zainab Khalid, Xingmin Meng, Irfan Ahmad Rana, Mohib Ur Rehman, Xiaojun Su. Holistic Multidimensional vulnerability assessment: An empirical investigation on rural communities of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, Northern Pakistan. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction. 2021; 62 ():102413.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zainab Khalid; Xingmin Meng; Irfan Ahmad Rana; Mohib Ur Rehman; Xiaojun Su. 2021. "Holistic Multidimensional vulnerability assessment: An empirical investigation on rural communities of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, Northern Pakistan." International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction 62, no. : 102413.

Journal article
Published: 07 May 2021 in Remote Sensing
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Groups of landslides induced by heavy rainfall are widely distributed on a global basis and they usually result in major losses of human life and economic damage. However, compared with landslides induced by earthquakes, inventories of landslides induced by heavy rainfall are much less common. In this study we used high-precision remote sensing images before and after continuous heavy rainfall in southern Tianshui, China, from 20 June to 25 July 2013, to produce an inventory of 14,397 shallow landslides. Based on the results of landslide inventory, we utilized machine learning and the geographic information system (GIS) to map landslide susceptibility in this area and evaluated the relative weight of various factors affecting landslide development. First, 18 variables related to geomorphic conditions, slope material, geological conditions, and human activities were selected through collinearity analysis; second, 21 selected machine learning models were trained and optimized in the Python environment to evaluate the susceptibility of landslides. The results showed that the ExtraTrees model was the most effective for landslide susceptibility assessment, with an accuracy of 0.91. This predictive ability means that our landslide susceptibility results can be used in the implementation of landslide prevention and mitigation measures in the region. Analysis of the importance of the factors showed that the contribution of slope aspect (SA) was significantly higher than that of the other factors, followed by planar curvature (PLC), distance to river (DR), distance to fault (DTF), normalized difference vehicle index (NDVI), distance to road (DTR), and other factors. We conclude that factors related to geomorphic conditions are principally responsible for controlling landslide susceptibility in the study area.

ACS Style

Tianjun Qi; Yan Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Guan Chen; Tom Dijkstra. AI-Based Susceptibility Analysis of Shallow Landslides Induced by Heavy Rainfall in Tianshui, China. Remote Sensing 2021, 13, 1819 .

AMA Style

Tianjun Qi, Yan Zhao, Xingmin Meng, Guan Chen, Tom Dijkstra. AI-Based Susceptibility Analysis of Shallow Landslides Induced by Heavy Rainfall in Tianshui, China. Remote Sensing. 2021; 13 (9):1819.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianjun Qi; Yan Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Guan Chen; Tom Dijkstra. 2021. "AI-Based Susceptibility Analysis of Shallow Landslides Induced by Heavy Rainfall in Tianshui, China." Remote Sensing 13, no. 9: 1819.

Journal article
Published: 06 January 2021 in Geomorphology
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The NW-SE-striking fault zone in the Bailong River Basin in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau have the most densely distributed, large complex landslides in China. However, the failure of large complex landslides along the fault zone and the causes of their complex geomorphic characteristics are unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between the fault zone and the spatial distribution, direction of movement, and geomorphic characteristics of large landslides. We inventoried 29 large landslides in the middle reaches of the Bailong River and described their characteristics. Statistical analysis revealed differences in the spatial relationship between the faults and landslides of different scales. Almost all of the landslide bodies with an area > 1 km2 are distributed on the faults; in addition, the strike of the faults was found to constrain the direction of movement of the landslides to the WNW-ESE direction. Statistical results show that the cross sections of landslides in the study area are asymmetric arc, corresponding to which there are significant differences in the geomorphological characteristics of the north and south sides of landslides. The geometric characteristics, physical properties (i.e., material weakness) of the fault zone and rapid uplift of the hanging wall were responsible for the asymmetric shape of landslide cross sections and the geomorphic difference. We present a conceptual model based on the relationship between the fault zone and landslides, which facilitates an improved understanding of the relationship between the fault zone and landslide evolution.

ACS Style

Tianjun Qi; Xingmin Meng; Feng Qing; Yan Zhao; Wei Shi; Guan Chen; Yi Zhang; Yajun Li; Dongxia Yue; Xiaojun Su; Fuyun Guo; Runqiang Zeng; Tom Dijkstra. Distribution and characteristics of large landslides in a fault zone: A case study of the NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geomorphology 2021, 379, 107592 .

AMA Style

Tianjun Qi, Xingmin Meng, Feng Qing, Yan Zhao, Wei Shi, Guan Chen, Yi Zhang, Yajun Li, Dongxia Yue, Xiaojun Su, Fuyun Guo, Runqiang Zeng, Tom Dijkstra. Distribution and characteristics of large landslides in a fault zone: A case study of the NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Geomorphology. 2021; 379 ():107592.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tianjun Qi; Xingmin Meng; Feng Qing; Yan Zhao; Wei Shi; Guan Chen; Yi Zhang; Yajun Li; Dongxia Yue; Xiaojun Su; Fuyun Guo; Runqiang Zeng; Tom Dijkstra. 2021. "Distribution and characteristics of large landslides in a fault zone: A case study of the NE Qinghai-Tibet Plateau." Geomorphology 379, no. : 107592.

Journal article
Published: 10 December 2020 in Engineering Geology
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Debris flows caused by channel bed erosion present major hazards affecting life, livelihoods, and the built environment in mountainous regions. An efficient way to decrease hazard impact is through reliable hazard forecasts and appropriate early-warning strategies. Rainfall thresholds are fundamental in achieving reliable hazard forecasts. However, a lack of rainfall records often impedes the empirical establishment of such thresholds. This paper constructs rainfall intensity-duration thresholds based on process-based critical runoff discharge for the initiation of debris flows and a mathematical approximation among peak discharge, rainfall intensity and duration. Simulations of conditions that triggered debris flow and non-debris flow events allowed determination of the lower and upper limits of critical discharge for debris flow initiation. In turn, these critical discharge limits are compared with four estimates derived from process-based approaches to test which approach best delimit the critical conditions. Hydrological simulations derive S-hydrographs for recorded rainfall events. Further analysis of the S-hydrographs results in a mathematical approximation of peak discharge as a function of rainfall intensity and duration and the establishment of the minimum rainfall required to produce a particular peak discharge. The minimum rainfall threshold to trigger an event can be calculated by setting the process-based critical discharge as the peak dis charge. In turn, this enables the establishment of a conventional rainfall I-D threshold for debris flow initiation. This process-based approach enables the construction of valley-specific I-D thresholds in data-poor areas and provides a promising pathway to improve the reliability of debris flow hazard forecasts and early warnings.

ACS Style

Yajun Li; Xingmin Meng; Peng Guo; Tom Dijkstra; Yan Zhao; Guan Chen; Dongxia Yue. Constructing rainfall thresholds for debris flow initiation based on critical discharge and S-hydrograph. Engineering Geology 2020, 280, 105962 .

AMA Style

Yajun Li, Xingmin Meng, Peng Guo, Tom Dijkstra, Yan Zhao, Guan Chen, Dongxia Yue. Constructing rainfall thresholds for debris flow initiation based on critical discharge and S-hydrograph. Engineering Geology. 2020; 280 ():105962.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yajun Li; Xingmin Meng; Peng Guo; Tom Dijkstra; Yan Zhao; Guan Chen; Dongxia Yue. 2020. "Constructing rainfall thresholds for debris flow initiation based on critical discharge and S-hydrograph." Engineering Geology 280, no. : 105962.

Journal article
Published: 16 November 2020 in Remote Sensing
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Land subsidence is one of the major urban geological hazards, which seriously restricts the development of many cities in the world. As one of the major cities in China, Xi’an has also been experiencing a large area of land subsidence due to excessive exploitation of groundwater. Since the Heihe Water Transfer Project (HWTP) became fully operational in late 2003, the problem of subsidence has been restrained, but other issues, such as ground rebounds, have appeared, and the effect of the underground space utilization on land subsidence remains unsolved. The spatial-temporal pattern of land subsidence and rebound in Xi’an after HWTP and their possible cause have so far not been well understood. In this study, the evolutionary characteristics of land subsidence and rebound in Xi’an city from 2007–2019 was investigated using Small Baseline Subset Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (SBAS-SAR) technology to process the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) and Sentinel-1A SAR datasets, and their cause and the correlation with groundwater level changes and the underground space utilization were discussed. We found that the land subsidence rate in the study area slowed from 2007–2019, and the subsidence area shrank and gradually developed into three relatively independent and isolated subsidence areas primarily. Significant local rebound deformation up to 22 mm/y commenced in the groundwater recharge region during 2015–2019. The magnitude of local rebound was dominated by the rise in groundwater level due to HWTP, whereas tectonic faults and ground fissures control the range of subsidence and the uplift area. The influence of building load on surface deformation became increasingly evident and primarily manifested by slowing the subsidence reduction trend. Additionally, land subsidence caused by the disturbances during the subway construction period was stronger than that in the operational stage. Future land subsidence in Xi’an is predicted to be alleviated overall, and the areas of rebound deformation will continue increasing for a limited time. However, uneven settlement range may extend to the Qujiang and Xixian New District due to the rapid urban construction. Our results could provide a scientific basis for land subsidence hazard mitigation, underground space planning, and groundwater management in Xi’an or similar regions where severe ground subsidence was induced by rapid urbanization.

ACS Style

Wei Shi; Guan Chen; Xingmin Meng; Wanyu Jiang; Yan Chong; Yi Zhang; Ying Dong; Maosheng Zhang. Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Land Subsidence and Rebound over Xi’an in Western China Revealed by SBAS-InSAR Analysis. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 3756 .

AMA Style

Wei Shi, Guan Chen, Xingmin Meng, Wanyu Jiang, Yan Chong, Yi Zhang, Ying Dong, Maosheng Zhang. Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Land Subsidence and Rebound over Xi’an in Western China Revealed by SBAS-InSAR Analysis. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (22):3756.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wei Shi; Guan Chen; Xingmin Meng; Wanyu Jiang; Yan Chong; Yi Zhang; Ying Dong; Maosheng Zhang. 2020. "Spatial-Temporal Evolution of Land Subsidence and Rebound over Xi’an in Western China Revealed by SBAS-InSAR Analysis." Remote Sensing 12, no. 22: 3756.

Journal article
Published: 06 November 2020 in Geomorphology
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Understanding the mechanisms of fan incision/aggradation provides key insights into the dynamics of fan evolution and hazardous fan-forming processes. This paper focuses on the discrepancy in fan evolution for two nearby valleys of different catchment areas along the Bailong River. Specifically, we study fan evolution in the small-sized CJB valley (watershed area being 1.1 km2) using sedimentary analyses and 14C dating. Sedimentary logging of seven exposed profiles indicates that mudflows and debris flows are the primary fan-forming processes. Seven samples were taken from paleosols developed in mudflow sediments, and the humin fraction was extracted for 14C dating. These ages constrain the fan aggradation period to between 10 and 4.9 cal kyr BP, and then the incision period occurred after 4.9 cal kyr BP. As the mudflow sediments may contain organic matter from hillslope legacies, the fan aggradation period may be later than the 14C ages defined in this study. In any case, the time of fan incision/aggradation in CJB is younger than that of the GLP valley (watershed area being 20 km2) where fan aggradation occurred in 21.7–7 ka and incision occurred afterward. The fan aggradation period defined by the 14C ages in CJB is consistent with an alluvial fan of similar thickness in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau and two other fans along the Bailong River. This consistency may suggest a plausible climatic control on fan evolution for small-sized tributary valleys, while the inconsistency with the larger GLP valley may suggest different climate-response regimes for tributary valleys of different sizes. More research on similar types of alluvial fans and cross-validation of different dating methods is needed.

ACS Style

Yajun Li; Xingmin Meng; Thomas Stevens; Simon Armitage; Shiqiang Bian; Guan Chen; Jianhua He. Distinct periods of fan aggradation and incision for tributary valleys of different sizes along the Bailong River, eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Geomorphology 2020, 373, 107490 .

AMA Style

Yajun Li, Xingmin Meng, Thomas Stevens, Simon Armitage, Shiqiang Bian, Guan Chen, Jianhua He. Distinct periods of fan aggradation and incision for tributary valleys of different sizes along the Bailong River, eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Geomorphology. 2020; 373 ():107490.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yajun Li; Xingmin Meng; Thomas Stevens; Simon Armitage; Shiqiang Bian; Guan Chen; Jianhua He. 2020. "Distinct periods of fan aggradation and incision for tributary valleys of different sizes along the Bailong River, eastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau." Geomorphology 373, no. : 107490.

Journal article
Published: 16 October 2020 in Water
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Landslide exposes the previously blocked groundwater discharge. High concentrations of soluble salt form salt sinters that can be observed near discharge passages. Based on existing laboratory investigation results of soil leaching and shearing reported in the literature, the effect of the soluble salt loss via spring water on irrigation-induced landslide deformation was studied under large-scale conditions. During our field investigation of landslides in the Heitai terrace of the Yellow River’s upper reaches in Gansu Province, China, 35 spring outlets were found, and the Heitai terrace was divided into five subareas, based on the difference in spring flow. Deformation data for the terrace were obtained by small baseline subset technology (SBAS-InSAR). These data were analyzed in combination with the amount of soluble salt loss, to explore the correlation between the deformation of the landslide and the soluble salt loss in the loess irrigation area. The results showed that the cumulative deformation and the loss of soluble salt were increasing continuously in the terrace. Although the increasing intensity of each subarea was different, the changing intensity of the two during the corresponding monitoring period was highly consistent. The statistical analysis revealed a strong positive correlation between the accumulated loss of soluble salt via spring water and the accumulated displacement of the terrace edge (p < 0.01). After the slope k between the two was tested by the Grubbs test and t-test, the k was no abnormality (α = 0.05) and difference (Sig > 0.05), further providing the basis for confirming the existence of this positive correlation. When the loss of soluble salt in rock and soil increased gradually, the accumulated deformation of the terrace edge also increased continuously. The findings of this study are of great significance for understanding the formation mechanism of landslides and the identifying landslide revival in irrigation areas of the Loess Plateau.

ACS Style

Zonglin Zhang; Runqiang Zeng; Xingmin Meng; Yi Zhang; Shufen Zhao; Jianhua Ma; Yunqi Yao. Effect of Soluble Salt Loss via Spring Water on Irrigation-Induced Landslide Deformation. Water 2020, 12, 2889 .

AMA Style

Zonglin Zhang, Runqiang Zeng, Xingmin Meng, Yi Zhang, Shufen Zhao, Jianhua Ma, Yunqi Yao. Effect of Soluble Salt Loss via Spring Water on Irrigation-Induced Landslide Deformation. Water. 2020; 12 (10):2889.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zonglin Zhang; Runqiang Zeng; Xingmin Meng; Yi Zhang; Shufen Zhao; Jianhua Ma; Yunqi Yao. 2020. "Effect of Soluble Salt Loss via Spring Water on Irrigation-Induced Landslide Deformation." Water 12, no. 10: 2889.

Journal article
Published: 10 September 2020 in Remote Sensing
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The China–Pakistan Karakoram Highway is an important land route from China to South Asia and the Middle East via Pakistan. Due to the extremely hazardous geological environment around the highway, landslides, debris flows, collapses, and subsidence are frequent. Among them, debris flows are one of the most serious geological hazards on the Karakoram Highway, and they often cause interruptions to traffic and casualties. Therefore, the development of debris flow susceptibility mapping along the highway can potentially facilitate its safe operation. In this study, we used remote sensing, GIS, and machine learning techniques to map debris flow susceptibility along the Karakoram Highway in areas where observation data are scarce and difficult to obtain by field survey. First, the distribution of 544 catchments which are prone to debris flow were identified through visual interpretation of remote sensing images. The factors influencing debris flow susceptibility were then analyzed, and a total of 17 parameters related to geomorphology, soil materials, and triggering conditions were selected. Model training was based on multiple common machine learning methods, including Ensemble Methods, Gaussian Processes, Generalized Linear models, Navies Bayes, Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines, Trees, Discriminant Analysis, and eXtreme Gradient Boosting. Support Vector Classification (SVC) was chosen as the final model after evaluation; its accuracy (ACC) was 0.91, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.96. Among the factors involved in SVC, the Melton Ratio (MR) was the most important, followed by drainage density (DD), Hypsometric Integral (HI), and average slope (AS), indicating that geomorphic conditions play an important role in predicting debris flow susceptibility in the study area. SVC was used to map debris flow susceptibility in the study area, and the results will potentially facilitate the safe operation of the highway.

ACS Style

Feng Qing; Yan Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Xiaojun Su; Tianjun Qi; Dongxia Yue. Application of Machine Learning to Debris Flow Susceptibility Mapping along the China–Pakistan Karakoram Highway. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 2933 .

AMA Style

Feng Qing, Yan Zhao, Xingmin Meng, Xiaojun Su, Tianjun Qi, Dongxia Yue. Application of Machine Learning to Debris Flow Susceptibility Mapping along the China–Pakistan Karakoram Highway. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (18):2933.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feng Qing; Yan Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Xiaojun Su; Tianjun Qi; Dongxia Yue. 2020. "Application of Machine Learning to Debris Flow Susceptibility Mapping along the China–Pakistan Karakoram Highway." Remote Sensing 12, no. 18: 2933.

Journal article
Published: 18 August 2020 in Sustainability
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Previous studies have shown that the mechanical effects of vegetation roots on slope stability can be classified as additional cohesion effects and anchorage effects. The present study investigated the combined mechanical effects (additional cohesion effects and anchorage effects) of vegetation on a slope with coarse-grained soil in the mountainous region (significantly prone to slope failure) of Gansu Province, China. A detailed survey of tree density, root system morphology and slope profiles was conducted, and we also assessed the soil cohesion provided by the root systems of monospecific stands of Robinia pseudoacacia growing in different locations on the slope. The measured data were incorporated into a numerical slope model to calculate the stability of the slope under the influence of trees. The results indicated that it was necessary to consider the anchoring effect of coarse roots when estimating the mechanical effects of trees on slope stability. In particular, the FoS (factor of safety) of the slope was increased by the presence of trees. The results also demonstrated that vegetation increased slope stability. The reinforcing effects were most significant when the trees were planted along the entire slope. Although the reinforcing effects contributed by trees were limited (only 4–11%), they were essential for making optimal use of vegetation for enhancing slope stability. Overall, vegetation development can make a major contribution to ecosystem restoration in the study region.

ACS Style

Siyuan Wang; Minmin Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Guan Chen; Runqiang Zeng; Qiang Yang; Yi Liu; Biao Wang. Evaluation of the Effects of Forest on Slope Stability and Its Implications for Forest Management: A Case Study of Bailong River Basin, China. Sustainability 2020, 12, 6655 .

AMA Style

Siyuan Wang, Minmin Zhao, Xingmin Meng, Guan Chen, Runqiang Zeng, Qiang Yang, Yi Liu, Biao Wang. Evaluation of the Effects of Forest on Slope Stability and Its Implications for Forest Management: A Case Study of Bailong River Basin, China. Sustainability. 2020; 12 (16):6655.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Siyuan Wang; Minmin Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Guan Chen; Runqiang Zeng; Qiang Yang; Yi Liu; Biao Wang. 2020. "Evaluation of the Effects of Forest on Slope Stability and Its Implications for Forest Management: A Case Study of Bailong River Basin, China." Sustainability 12, no. 16: 6655.

Journal article
Published: 25 June 2020 in Remote Sensing
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From a geological standpoint, northern Pakistan is one of the most active and unstable areas in the world. As a consequence, many massive landslides have occurred in the area in historical times that have destroyed infrastructure, blocked the Hunza River, and damaged the Karakoram Highway repeatedly. However, despite the high frequency of large magnitude landslide events, and the consequent damages, the entire area is largely understudied, mainly due to the difficult logistics and the large distances involved. This work is aimed at applying the potential use of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) for landslide identification and investigation for the Hunza-Nagar Region. Sentinel-1 images covering a period of more than two years (February 2017–August 2019) were used and processed by adopting the small baseline subset (SBAS) method. The obtained deformation rate measured along the line of sight (VLOS) varies from -114 to 20 mm/year. The downslope velocity deformation rates (Vslope) range from 0 to -300 mm/year. The Vslope stability threshold for our study area was calculated to be –14 mm/year from the Vslope standard deviation. Four active landslides with Vslope exceeding 14 mm/year were recognizable and have been confirmed by field inspection. The identified landslides listed from the most active to least active are the Humarri, Mayoon, Khai, and Ghulmet landslides, respectively. VLOS exceeding 114 mm/year was observed in the Humarri landslide, which posed a threat of damming a lake on the Hispar River and was also a risk to the Humarri Village located below the landslide. The maximum mean deformation detected in the Ghulmet, and Mayoon landslide was in the order of 30 mm/year and 20 mm/year, respectively. More importantly, it was found that in places, the slope deformation time series showed a patchy correlation with precipitation and seismic events in the area. This may indicate a complex, and possibly uncoupled, relationship between the two controlling agents promoting the deformation. However, the collective impact of the two factors is evident in the form of a continuously descending deformation curve and clearly indicates the ground distortion. The results indicate a potentially critical situation related to the high deformation rates measured at the Humarri landslide. On this specific slope, conditions leading to a possible catastrophic failure cannot be ruled out and should be a priority for the application of mitigation measures.

ACS Style

Mohib Rehman; Yi Zhang; Xingmin Meng; Xiaojun Su; Filippo Catani; Gohar Rehman; Dongxia Yue; Zainab Khalid; Sajjad Ahmad; Ijaz Ahmad. Analysis of Landslide Movements Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Case Study in Hunza-Nagar Valley, Pakistan. Remote Sensing 2020, 12, 2054 .

AMA Style

Mohib Rehman, Yi Zhang, Xingmin Meng, Xiaojun Su, Filippo Catani, Gohar Rehman, Dongxia Yue, Zainab Khalid, Sajjad Ahmad, Ijaz Ahmad. Analysis of Landslide Movements Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Case Study in Hunza-Nagar Valley, Pakistan. Remote Sensing. 2020; 12 (12):2054.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mohib Rehman; Yi Zhang; Xingmin Meng; Xiaojun Su; Filippo Catani; Gohar Rehman; Dongxia Yue; Zainab Khalid; Sajjad Ahmad; Ijaz Ahmad. 2020. "Analysis of Landslide Movements Using Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar: A Case Study in Hunza-Nagar Valley, Pakistan." Remote Sensing 12, no. 12: 2054.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2020 in Remote Sensing of Environment
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A new method, combining empirical modeling with time series Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data, is proposed to provide an assessment of potential landslide volume and area. The method was developed to evaluate potential landslides in the Heitai river terrace of the Yellow River in central Gansu Province, China. The elevated terrace has a substantial loess cover and along the terrace edges many landslides have been triggered by gradually rising groundwater levels following continuous irrigation since 1968. These landslides can have significant impact on communities, affecting lives and livelihoods. Developing effective landslide risk management requires better understanding of potential landslide magnitude. Fifty mapped landslides were used to construct an empirical power-law relationship linking landslide area (AL) to volume (VL) (VL = 0.333 × AL1.399). InSAR-derived ground displacement ranges from −64 mm/y to 24 mm/y along line of sight (LOS). Further interpretation of patterns based on remote sensing (InSAR & optical image) and field survey enabled the identification of an additional 54 potential landslides (1.9 × 102 m2 ≤ AL ≤ 8.1 × 104 m2). In turn this enabled construction of a map that shows the magnitude of potential landslide activity. This research provides significant further scientific insights to inform landslide hazard and risk management, in a context of ongoing landscape evolution. It also provides further evidence that this methodology can be used to quantify the magnitude of potential landslides and thus contribute essential information towards landslide risk management.

ACS Style

Y. Zhang; X.M. Meng; T.A. Dijkstra; C.J. Jordan; G. Chen; R.Q. Zeng; Alessandro Novellino. Forecasting the magnitude of potential landslides based on InSAR techniques. Remote Sensing of Environment 2020, 241, 111738 .

AMA Style

Y. Zhang, X.M. Meng, T.A. Dijkstra, C.J. Jordan, G. Chen, R.Q. Zeng, Alessandro Novellino. Forecasting the magnitude of potential landslides based on InSAR techniques. Remote Sensing of Environment. 2020; 241 ():111738.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Y. Zhang; X.M. Meng; T.A. Dijkstra; C.J. Jordan; G. Chen; R.Q. Zeng; Alessandro Novellino. 2020. "Forecasting the magnitude of potential landslides based on InSAR techniques." Remote Sensing of Environment 241, no. : 111738.

Journal article
Published: 02 March 2020 in Geomorphology
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Debris flow is a major geohazard in mountainous regions and poses a significant threat to life and property. The damage caused by debris flows have increased with the expansion of human settlements and activity into the mountainous regions of China. In regards to risks from debris flows, previously unrecognized low-frequency debris flow catchments constitute an especially significant threat. According to our investigation, only about 500 catchments have debris flow records in >2000 catchments of Bailong River basin. The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a new methodology using Artificial Intelligence (AI) that can simultaneously input parameters related to geomorphological conditions and material conditions to better distinguish low-frequency debris flow catchments (LFDs) from medium-high frequency debris flow catchments (MHFDs). A total of 449 prototypical debris flow catchments, 15 parameters, and 9 commonly used learning machines were used to build identification models. Debris flow catchments are divided into 4 cases (LO1-LO4) based on different sample ratios of LFDs and MHFDs, which are input into each classifier one by one. Based on model evaluation, the CHAID model in the case LO2 performs best, which only uses five parameters (formation lithology index, land use index, vegetation coverage index, drainage density and landslide density index) to predict LFDs. The results indicate that LFDs are mainly distributed in areas with less landslide distribution and better vegetation coverage compared with MHFDs. However, the distribution of LFDs is concentrated on FLI (formation lithology index) =4, which is the weak lithology area. The tree classifier seems to be better at classifying fluvial processes. The model developed in this paper can help us quickly find LFDs in similar areas, and help to assess the risk of debris flows.

ACS Style

Yan Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Tianjun Qi; Feng Qing; Muqi Xiong; Yajun Li; Peng Guo; Guan Chen. AI-based identification of low-frequency debris flow catchments in the Bailong River basin, China. Geomorphology 2020, 359, 107125 .

AMA Style

Yan Zhao, Xingmin Meng, Tianjun Qi, Feng Qing, Muqi Xiong, Yajun Li, Peng Guo, Guan Chen. AI-based identification of low-frequency debris flow catchments in the Bailong River basin, China. Geomorphology. 2020; 359 ():107125.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yan Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Tianjun Qi; Feng Qing; Muqi Xiong; Yajun Li; Peng Guo; Guan Chen. 2020. "AI-based identification of low-frequency debris flow catchments in the Bailong River basin, China." Geomorphology 359, no. : 107125.

Journal article
Published: 14 June 2019 in Sensors
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Geological conditions along the Karakorum Highway (KKH) promote the occurrence of frequent natural disasters, which pose a serious threat to its normal operation. Landslide susceptibility mapping (LSM) provides a basis for analyzing and evaluating the degree of landslide susceptibility of an area. However, there has been limited analysis of actual landslide activity processes in real-time. The SBAS-InSAR (Small Baseline Subsets-Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar) method can fully consider the current landslide susceptibility situation and, thus, it can be used to optimize the results of LSM. In this study, we compared the results of LSM using logistic regression and Random Forest models along the KKH. Both approaches produced a classification in terms of very low, low, moderate, high, and very high landslide susceptibility. The evaluation results of the two models revealed a high susceptibility of land sliding in the Gaizi Valley and the Tashkurgan Valley. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve and historical landslide verification points were used to compare the evaluation accuracy of the two models. The Area under Curve (AUC) value of the Random Forest model was 0.981, and 98.79% of the historical landslide points in the verification points fell within the range of high and very high landslide susceptibility degrees. The Random Forest evaluation results were found to be superior to those of the logistic regression and they were combined with the SBAS-InSAR results to conduct a new LSM. The results showed an increase in the landslide susceptibility degree for 2808 cells. We conclude that this optimized landslide susceptibility mapping can provide valuable decision support for disaster prevention and it also provides theoretical guidance for the maintenance and normal operation of KKH.

ACS Style

Fumeng Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Yi Zhang; Guan Chen; Xiaojun Su; Dongxia Yue. Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Karakorum Highway Combined with the Application of SBAS-InSAR Technology. Sensors 2019, 19, 2685 .

AMA Style

Fumeng Zhao, Xingmin Meng, Yi Zhang, Guan Chen, Xiaojun Su, Dongxia Yue. Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Karakorum Highway Combined with the Application of SBAS-InSAR Technology. Sensors. 2019; 19 (12):2685.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Fumeng Zhao; Xingmin Meng; Yi Zhang; Guan Chen; Xiaojun Su; Dongxia Yue. 2019. "Landslide Susceptibility Mapping of Karakorum Highway Combined with the Application of SBAS-InSAR Technology." Sensors 19, no. 12: 2685.

Short communication
Published: 31 January 2019 in Engineering Geology
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Loess is a meta-stable, cemented assemblage of mainly silt and clay-sized particles of low plasticity. When dry it behaves like a brittle material, but when wetted up the fabric rapidly collapses. Unique geomorphological features include extensive surface erosion, soil piping (loess ‘karst’), catastrophic landslides, and widespread collapse (hydro-consolidation). The Chinese Loess Plateau is a more or less continuous drape of thick loess covering some 440,000 km2. It is one of China's regions that is most prone to geohazards. This paper reviews advances in the research related to loess geohazards, drawing particular attention to the need to apply research findings to recent, very large (mega-)construction projects in loess terrain such as the Mountain Excavation and City Construction in Yan'an levelling 78 km2 for urban expansion, the Lanzhou New District creating 246 km2, and large engineered interventions in the landscape for gully control and land reclamation such as those in Shaanxi and Gansu generating agricultural land covering an area of some 8000 km2. These projects are in response to increasing pressures to facilitate expansion of urban centres, their interconnecting infrastructures and their agricultural support systems. It is argued that, where proper application of scientific knowledge for engineering control (e.g. densification, drainage) of these new landscapes is absent, these projects could generate a substantial, and costly geohazard legacy for future generations.

ACS Style

C. Hsein Juang; Tom Dijkstra; Janusz Wasowski; Xingmin Meng. Loess geohazards research in China: Advances and challenges for mega engineering projects. Engineering Geology 2019, 251, 1 -10.

AMA Style

C. Hsein Juang, Tom Dijkstra, Janusz Wasowski, Xingmin Meng. Loess geohazards research in China: Advances and challenges for mega engineering projects. Engineering Geology. 2019; 251 ():1-10.

Chicago/Turabian Style

C. Hsein Juang; Tom Dijkstra; Janusz Wasowski; Xingmin Meng. 2019. "Loess geohazards research in China: Advances and challenges for mega engineering projects." Engineering Geology 251, no. : 1-10.

Journal article
Published: 09 February 2018 in Remote Sensing
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Lanzhou New District is the first and largest national-level new district in the Loess Plateau region of China. Large-scale land creation and rapid utilization of the land surface for construction has induced various magnitudes of land subsidence in the region, which is posing an increasing threat to the built environment and quality of life. In this study, the spatial and temporal evolution of surface subsidence in Lanzhou New District was assessed using Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture radar (PSInSAR) to process the ENVISAT SAR images from 2003–2010, and the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) InSAR to process the Sentinel-1A images from 2015–2016. We found that the land subsidence exhibits distinct spatiotemporal patterns in the study region. The spatial pattern of land subsidence has evidently extended from the major urban zone to the land creation region. Significant subsidence of 0–55 mm/year was detected between 2015 and 2016 in the land creation and urbanization area where either zero or minor subsidence of 0–17.2 mm/year was recorded between 2003 and 2010. The change in the spatiotemporal pattern appears to be dominated mainly by the spatial heterogeneity of land creation and urban expansion. The spatial associations of subsidence suggest a clear geological control, in terms of the presence of compressible sedimentary deposits; however, subsidence and groundwater fluctuations are weakly correlated. We infer that the processes of land creation and rapid urban construction are responsible for determining subsidence over the region, and the local geological conditions, including lithology and the thickness of the compressible layer, control the magnitude of the subsidence process. However, anthropogenic activities, especially related to land creation, have more significant impacts on the detected subsidence than other factors. In addition, the higher collapsibility and compressibility of the loess deposits in the land creation region may be the underlying mechanism of macro-subsidence in Lanzhou New District. Our results provide a useful reference for land creation, urban planning and subsidence mitigation in the Loess Plateau region, where the large-scale process of bulldozing mountains and valley infilling to create level areas for city construction is either underway or forthcoming.

ACS Style

Guan Chen; Yi Zhang; Runqiang Zeng; Zhongkang Yang; Xi Chen; Fumeng Zhao; Xingmin Meng. Detection of Land Subsidence Associated with Land Creation and Rapid Urbanization in the Chinese Loess Plateau Using Time Series InSAR: A Case Study of Lanzhou New District. Remote Sensing 2018, 10, 270 .

AMA Style

Guan Chen, Yi Zhang, Runqiang Zeng, Zhongkang Yang, Xi Chen, Fumeng Zhao, Xingmin Meng. Detection of Land Subsidence Associated with Land Creation and Rapid Urbanization in the Chinese Loess Plateau Using Time Series InSAR: A Case Study of Lanzhou New District. Remote Sensing. 2018; 10 (2):270.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guan Chen; Yi Zhang; Runqiang Zeng; Zhongkang Yang; Xi Chen; Fumeng Zhao; Xingmin Meng. 2018. "Detection of Land Subsidence Associated with Land Creation and Rapid Urbanization in the Chinese Loess Plateau Using Time Series InSAR: A Case Study of Lanzhou New District." Remote Sensing 10, no. 2: 270.

Original paper
Published: 05 February 2018 in Landslides
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In the Zhouqu region (Gansu, China), landslide distribution and activity exploits geological weaknesses in the fault-controlled belt of low-grade metamorphic rocks of the Bailong valley and severely impacts lives and livelihoods in this region. Landslides reactivated by the Wenchuan 2008 earthquake and debris flows triggered by rainfall, such as the 2010 Zhouqu debris flow, have caused more than 1700 casualties and estimated economic losses of some US$0.4 billion. Earthflows presently cover some 79% of the total landslide area and have exerted a strong influence on landscape dynamics and evolution in this region. In this study, we use multi-temporal Advanced Land Observing Satellite and Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (ALOS PALSAR) data and time series interferometric synthetic aperture radar to investigate slow-moving landslides in a mountainous region with steep topography for the period December 2007–August 2010 using the Small Baseline Subsets (SBAS) technique. This enabled the identification of 11 active earthflows, 19 active landslides with deformation rates exceeding 100 mm/year and 20 new instabilities added into the pre-existing landslide inventory map. The activity of these earthflows and landslides exhibits seasonal variations and accelerated deformation following the Wenchuan earthquake. Time series analysis of the Suoertou earthflow reveals that seasonal velocity changes are characterized by comparatively rapid acceleration and gradual deceleration with distinct kinematic zones with different mean velocities, although velocity changes appear to occur synchronously along the landslide body over seasonal timescales. The observations suggest that the post-seismic effects (acceleration period) on landslide deformation last some 6–7 months.

ACS Style

Yi Zhang; Xingmin Meng; Colm Jordan; Alessandro Novellino; Tom Dijkstra; Guan Chen. Investigating slow-moving landslides in the Zhouqu region of China using InSAR time series. Landslides 2018, 15, 1299 -1315.

AMA Style

Yi Zhang, Xingmin Meng, Colm Jordan, Alessandro Novellino, Tom Dijkstra, Guan Chen. Investigating slow-moving landslides in the Zhouqu region of China using InSAR time series. Landslides. 2018; 15 (7):1299-1315.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Yi Zhang; Xingmin Meng; Colm Jordan; Alessandro Novellino; Tom Dijkstra; Guan Chen. 2018. "Investigating slow-moving landslides in the Zhouqu region of China using InSAR time series." Landslides 15, no. 7: 1299-1315.

Original paper
Published: 27 November 2017 in Landslides
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Rainfall-induced landslides are a significant hazard in many areas of loess-covered terrain in Northwest China. To investigate the response of a loess landslide to rainfall, a series of artificial rainfall experiments were conducted on a natural loess slope, located in the Bailong River Basin, in southern Gansu Province. The slope was instrumented to measure surface runoff, pore water pressure, soil water content, earth pressure, displacement, and rainfall. The hydrological response was also characterized by time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography. The results show that most of the rainfall infiltrated into the loess landslide, and that the pore water pressure and water content responded rapidly to simulated rainfall events. This indicates that rainfall infiltration on the loess landslide was significantly affected by preferential flow through fissures and macropores. Different patterns of pore water pressure and water content variations were determined by the antecedent soil moisture conditions, and by the balance between water recharge and drainage in the corresponding sections. We observed three stages of changing pore water pressure and displacement within the loess landslide during the artificial rainfall events: Increases in pore water pressure initiated movement on the slope, acceleration in movement resulting in a rapid decrease in pore water pressure, and attainment of a steady state. We infer that a negative pore water pressure feedback process may have occurred in response to shear-induced dilation of material as the slope movement accelerated. The process of shear dilatant strengthening may explain the phenomenon of semi-continuous movement of the loess landslide. Shear dilatant strengthening, caused by intermittent or continuous rainfall over long periods, can occur without triggering rapid slope failure.

ACS Style

Guan Chen; Xingmin Meng; Liang Qiao; Yi Zhang; Siyuan Wang. Response of a loess landslide to rainfall: observations from a field artificial rainfall experiment in Bailong River Basin, China. Landslides 2017, 15, 895 -911.

AMA Style

Guan Chen, Xingmin Meng, Liang Qiao, Yi Zhang, Siyuan Wang. Response of a loess landslide to rainfall: observations from a field artificial rainfall experiment in Bailong River Basin, China. Landslides. 2017; 15 (5):895-911.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Guan Chen; Xingmin Meng; Liang Qiao; Yi Zhang; Siyuan Wang. 2017. "Response of a loess landslide to rainfall: observations from a field artificial rainfall experiment in Bailong River Basin, China." Landslides 15, no. 5: 895-911.

Article
Published: 18 June 2017 in Journal of Mountain Science
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A colluvial landslide in a debris flow valley is a typical phenomena and is easily influenced by rainfall. The direct destructiveness of this kind of landslide is small, however, if failure occurs the resulting blocking of the channel may lead to a series of magnified secondary hazards. For this reason it is important to investigate the potential response of this type of landslide to rainfall. In the present paper, the Goulingping landslide, one of the colluvial landslides in the Goulingping valley in the middle of the Bailong River catchment in Gansu Province, China, was chosen for the study. Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT), Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS), together with traditional monitoring methods, were used to monitor changes in water content and the deformation of the landslide caused by rainfall. ERT was used to detect changes in soil water content induced by rainfall. The most significant findings were as follows:(1) the water content in the centralupper part (0~41 m) of the landslide was greater than in the central-front part (41~84 m) and (2) there was a relatively high resistivity zone at depth within the sliding zone. The deformation characteristics at the surface of the landslide were monitored by TLS and the results revealed that rainstorms caused three types of deformation and failure: (1) gully erosion at the slope surface; (2) shallow sliding failure; (3) and slope foot erosion. Subsequent monitoring of continuous changes in pore-water pressure, soil pressure and displacement (using traditional methods) indicated that long duration light rainfall (average 2.22 mm/d) caused the entire landslide to enter a state of creeping deformation at the beginning of the rainy season. Shear-induced dilation occurred for the fast sliding (30.09 mm/d) during the critical failure sub-phase (EF). Pore-water pressure in the sliding zone was affected by rainfall. In addition, the sliding L1 parts of the landslide exerted a discontinuous pressure on the L2 part. Through the monitoring and analysis, we conclude that this kind of landslide may have large deformation at the beginning and the late of the rainy season.

ACS Style

Liang Qiao; Xing-Min Meng; Guan Chen; Yi Zhang; Peng Guo; Run-Qiang Zeng; Ya-Jun Li. Effect of rainfall on a colluvial landslide in a debris flow valley. Journal of Mountain Science 2017, 14, 1113 -1123.

AMA Style

Liang Qiao, Xing-Min Meng, Guan Chen, Yi Zhang, Peng Guo, Run-Qiang Zeng, Ya-Jun Li. Effect of rainfall on a colluvial landslide in a debris flow valley. Journal of Mountain Science. 2017; 14 (6):1113-1123.

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liang Qiao; Xing-Min Meng; Guan Chen; Yi Zhang; Peng Guo; Run-Qiang Zeng; Ya-Jun Li. 2017. "Effect of rainfall on a colluvial landslide in a debris flow valley." Journal of Mountain Science 14, no. 6: 1113-1123.