Electrical fast transients (EFT) represent an important problem to intravehicular networks. Concerning this problem, this paper reports a study about the impact of EFT to the performance of communication protocols used in intravehicular networks. A method of fast transient injection has been applied to an experimental CAN network with the objective of verifying the EFT impact on jitter and how it influences the communication process. An experiment with a simulated control system distributed over a real CAN network was carried out. For this experiment, an active suspension system was chosen as a case study and a sequence of EFT injections was performed. As a result, it was verified that injected EFT bursts increase jitter of safety-critical control messages and may effectively influence and produce faults during the communication process.

Distributed vehicular control systems are responsible for safety-critical applications, depending on communication protocols. In this context, the FlexRay protocol is frequently applied for electronic control unit interconnection in critical applications. Thus, it must be tested in different fault scenarios to verify if the protocol could comply with hard timing constraints. Typical faults that have been studied are electrical fast transients, in which power switching systems can generate transients that degrade in-vehicle communication. Recent efforts focus on the specification of test methods for electromagnetic compatibility in communication transceivers, but without considering the negative impact on critical control system messages and its periodicity. This work presents a contribution by exploring the IEC 62228-3:2019 standard to guide the application of a test method with a specific test board to evaluate the impact of these faults on the control law performance of critical automotive control systems based on FlexRay protocol. The results show that during the test scenarios using the fault injection method, the transients cause performance degradation peaks between 2.9 and 94.5 $\mu$ s, much higher compared to a typical FlexRay delay. The results emphasize that critical control systems must be stressed with consistent tests to map fault behaviors, observing the operation limit under faults.

Unlike other forms of development, the way firmware development is designed is somewhat outdated. It is not unusual to come across whole systems implemented in a cross-dependent monolithic way. In addition, the software of many implementations is hardware-dependent. Hence, significant hardware changes may result in extensive firmware implementation reviews that can be time-consuming and lead to low-quality ports, which may represent an important problem for Internet of Things (IoT) applications that evolve very frequently. To address this problem, this study proposes an embedded firmware development framework that allows reuse and portability while improving the firmware development life cycle. In addition, the typical mistakes of a novice software developer can be reduced by employing this methodology. An embedded IoT system project was refactored for this framework model to validate this proposal. Finally, a comparison was made between a legacy and framework project to demonstrate that the proposed framework can make a substantial improvement in portability, reuse, modularity, and other firmware factors.

IoT platforms often rely on resource-constrained devices with specific requirements for efficient resource utilization. Wireless communication, reduced form factor, and low power consumption are key factors for a successful IoT deployment. In the context of energy requirements, this paper examines the energy consumption of three widely used communication protocols: Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), and Message Queue Telemetry Transport (MQTT) in resource-constrained IoT applications. Firstly, existing studies are explored to understand the characteristics, architecture, and performance of the protocols. Secondly, the main aspects of each protocol are highlighted. Then, a study methodology is proposed to evaluate current consumption by comparing the secure and insecure versions of these protocols using a standardized 10-byte payload. The tests are performed under two signal levels (high and low) to assess their effect on energy consumption. The findings of this study indicate that while unencrypted MQTT QoS 0 is the most energy-efficient baseline, the introduction of cryptographic security layers imposes a severe energy penalty. Secure HTTP exhibited exponentially higher energy usage due to the computational overhead of TLS handshakes, whereas Secure MQTT QoS 0 remained the most efficient among the encrypted options. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that adverse signal conditions tend to increase energy consumption, emphasizing the critical trade-off between robust security, communication reliability, and energy autonomy in constrained IoT devices.

This article presents a method for generating a dataset from CAN protocol communication using a test bench based on the IEC 62228-2019 standard. Modern automotive embedded systems feature many electronic control units for engine control, ABS, traction control, and power steering. Ensuring reliability and effectiveness, consistent testing, and data analysis are essential. This article proposes a testing approach to verify and record CAN communication under disturbances, using a redundant channel and a fault injection method with specially developed hardware. Different injected noise values were defined based on prior work. A sequence of tests applying the hardware-in-the-loop approach generates valuable preprocessed datasets. The results show that the proposed method records all CAN communication data, producing around 15 million records. This dataset enables detailed analysis of EFT fault propagation in the CAN network from various vehicle noise sources, providing a foundation for future data-driven diagnostic systems development.