According to data obtained from meteorological towers, Brazil has significantly increased temperature in the past 20 years, particularly in the North and Midwest regions. Vapor pressure deficit and evapotranspiration were also analyzed, showing an increase across the entire country, confirming that the air is becoming drier. This warming trend is part of the global climate change phenomenon caused by the rise of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, fires, poor soil management practices, deforestation, and logging. The increase in temperature and dryness has profoundly impacted Brazil’s climate and ecosystems, leading to intensified extreme weather events and changes in the distribution of both animal and plant species. This study highlights the importance of utilizing meteorological tower data to monitor and understand the effects of climate change in Brazil. It emphasizes the need for immediate action to address its causes and mitigate its negative impacts.

A temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar são de grande importância para o entendimento da dinâmica dos fluxos de CO2, taxas de evapotranspiração e estudos de microclima. Nesse sentido, o presente trabalho analisou a variação mensal da evapotranspiração de referência (ET0), temperatura e umidade relativa do ar na região do Pantanal Mato-grossense. Os dados foram obtidos de uma torre micrometeorológica instalada na Base Avançada de Pesquisas do Pantanal (BAPP) da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), localizada no Parque SESC Baía das Pedras em Porto Cercado, Poconé – MT. A partir dos dados analisados no período de 2017 a 2019, percebeu-se a ocorrência de oscilações mensais e anuais na evapotranspiração. Em relação às análises dos dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar, concluiu-se que no período de seca, que acontece no inverno do Pantanal, os dados de temperatura e umidade do ar são baixas. Enquanto no período chuvoso e de cheia, que acontecem durante o verão, as temperaturas e umidade relativa do ar são altas.

The Brazilian Pantanal region experiences intense biomass burning during the dry season, releasing large quantities of gasses and particles into the atmosphere, which have serious implications on both the climate system and public health. Understanding the dynamics of these emissions is crucial for mitigating the impact on the ecosystem, its functioning, and potential anthropogenic disturbances. This study focused on analyzing emissions in the northern Pantanal during the 2022 drought. Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5), black carbon (BC), and 25 chemical elements were measured using gravimetry, reflectance analysis, and X-Ray fluorescence, respectively, from samples collected between August and October 2022. The average concentrations of PM_2.5 and BC increased approximately 4-fold and 2.5-fold, respectively, compared to averages from a decade ago. Significant increases were also observed in elements such as sulfur (S), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and silicon (Si). The maximum concentrations were comparable to values typical of the southern Amazon, a region known for high deforestation rates and land use changes. Elemental analysis revealed substantial shifts in concentrations, primarily associated with biomass burning (BB) and soil suspension. Additionally, enrichment factor (Ef) analysis showed that lead (Pb) levels, correlated with human activities, were 200 times higher than those found under clean atmospheric conditions.

Atmospheric aerosols significantly influence climate systems and hydrological processes, but their impacts on evapotranspiration remain insufficiently understood, particularly in tropical savanna regions. This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of aerosol optical depth (AOD) on reference evapotranspiration ($E{T}_0$) in the Mato Grosso Cerrado, Brazil, a biome characterized by pronounced seasonal climatic variations. Using data collected from the AERONET network at Fazenda Miranda, AOD was analyzed alongside meteorological variables such as air temperature, global radiation, and $E{T}_0$, estimated using the FAO Penman–Monteith method. The results reveal distinct seasonal patterns, with aerosols having a more pronounced influence during the dry season. Positive correlations were observed between AOD and air temperature, while negative correlations were found between AOD and global radiation, especially during the dry season. The relationship between AOD and $E{T}_0$ varied between years and seasons, with significant reductions in $E{T}_0$ linked to high aerosol concentrations during the dry period. These findings demonstrate that aerosols play a critical role in modulating evapotranspiration and radiation balance, particularly in regions affected by biomass burning. This study provides valuable insights into the interplay between aerosols, climate variables, and hydrological processes, contributing to a better understanding of aerosols’ impacts on tropical ecosystems.

O Pantanal é um dos maiores sistemas alagados do mundo e desempenha um papel significativo na biodiversidade e no ecossistema local. No entanto, o aumento do desmatamento e dos incêndios florestais na região se tornou uma das principais fontes de emissão de aerossóis atmosféricos na região. O Black Carbon é um aerossol que tem a capacidade de absorver a luz solar, contribuindo para o aquecimento da atmosfera e alterando o balanço de radiação Terra-atmosfera. O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar os efeitos das concentrações do Black Carbon na capacidade de espalhamento e absorção da Radiação Global (Rg), Radiação Líquida (Rn), e Emissividade Atmosférica (E) na região do Pantanal Mato-Grossense. Foram coletados dados de uma torre micrometeorológica, localizada na Base Avançada de Pesquisas do Pantanal (BAPP) da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), na Fazenda Bahia das Pedras, na RPPN SESC no município de Poconé - MT entre os anos 2017 à 2019. A análise estatística dos dados envolveu a aplicação de regressão linear e o Co-espectro para analisar eventos específicos e padrões sazonais. Os resultados apontam para uma influência significativa do Black Carbon com concentrações significativas acima de 0,10 μm³ sobre as variáveis meteorológicas. Durante o período abordado observou-se uma redução notável na Rg e Rn devido à capacidade de absorção do BC, tendo como consequência o aquecimento de camadas atmosféricas. Também notou-se que em altas concentrações o BC promove o bloqueio da Emissividade Atmosférica. Na análise do Co-espetro uma interdependência entre a concentração de BC e as variáveis relacionadas à radiação com periodicidade de 1 ano. A pesquisa mostra a importância de considerar o BC como um componente relevante nas discussões sobre mudanças climáticas e interações entre aerossóis e variáveis micrometeorológicas no Pantanal.

Atmospheric aerosols significantly influence photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), critical for plant photosynthesis and ecosystem functioning. This study systematically reviewed recent research (2021–2025) on aerosol–PAR interactions. Using targeted keywords, 22 open-access articles from Scopus and Google Scholar were analyzed via VOSviewer for thematic, methodological, and geographic trends. Analysis revealed a strong concentration in Earth and Environmental Sciences, showcasing significant advances in radiative transfer modeling, remote sensing, and machine learning for estimating aerosol impacts on PAR. Studies primarily utilized satellite data and models (e.g., DART, SCOPE) to assess diffuse/direct radiation changes. The literature consistently demonstrates how aerosols modulate PAR, influencing canopy light penetration and photosynthetic efficiency. However, critical gaps persist, including limited field validation in tropical biomes (e.g., Amazon, Cerrado, Pantanal) and a lack of studies differentiating aerosol types like black and brown carbon. This synthesis underscores the need for expanded monitoring and integrated modeling efforts to improve understanding of aerosol–PAR interactions, particularly in underrepresented tropical regions.