The widespread use of antibiotics has resulted in their significant release into the environment, with the ocean becoming a major sink for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). This review synthesizes global data on marine antibiotic contamination, covering sources, occurrence, behavior, and associated ecological and human health risks. Sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones, macrolides, and tetracyclines dominate, with sulfamethoxazole most frequently detected (71.1% in seawater, 30.4% in sediment, 47.6% in biota). Peak levels reached 332,440 ng L ⁻¹ in seawater, 1515 ng g ⁻¹ in sediment, and 3341 ng g ⁻¹ in organisms, the highest in coastal China. Antibiotics with low direct toxicity may still drive ARG development. Coexisting contaminants (e.g., heavy metals, microplastics) may enhance impacts. Seafood-related health risks, especially in adolescents, merit attention. Monte Carlo analysis confirms ecological, antimicrobial resistance, and health risks remain significant under realistic exposure scenarios. These findings support global efforts in marine antibiotic pollution control and risk governance.

Soils contain the largest amount of land carbon, even a small change of this pool can significantly affect atmospheric CO₂ and climate change. A good representation of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in Earth system models is therefore crucial to predict future climate change. The dynamics of SOC is largely driven by microbial activities and modulated by N cycles. Nevertheless, very few models have explicitly represented soil microorganisms and N cycles integrated at global scale. Here, we present an update of the microbial‐mediated ORCHIMIC model and its application to simulate global gridded SOC stocks, microbial biomass, soil C/N ratio, microbial C/N ratio, and heterotrophic respiration. This is a new attempt to model SOC dynamics with an explicit microbial representation with N dynamics applied at global scale. The model shows relatively good performance in reproducing global SOC and microbial biomass C. The spatial distributions of soil and microbial C/N ratios were not well reproduced because they are sensitive to mineral nitrogen availability controlled by plant uptake, which is not explicitly represented in the model. However, similar relationship between C/N ratios of microbes and soil as observation demonstrated the potential of the model to reproduce global C/N ratios for both microbe and soil pools. Dynamic carbon use efficiency modulated by substrate C/N ratio, consistent with observation, were well represented by mechanistic including microbial dynamics. Modeled suppressed microbial biomass growth under warming climate indicating a weaker positive feedback between soil C pool and climate compared to that predicted by traditional Earth system models.

Indoor biomass burning produces large amounts of small particles and hazardous contaminants leading to severe air pollution and potentially high health risks associated with inhalation exposure. Personal samplers provide more accurate estimates of inhalation exposure. In this study, inhalation exposure to size-segregated particles and particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for the biomass user was studied by deploying personal samplers. The study found that daily PM2.5 inhalation exposure level was as high as 121 ± 96 μg/m3, and over 84% was finer PM1.0. For PAHs, the exposure level was 113 ± 188 ng/m3, with over 77% in PM1.0. High molecular weight PAHs with larger toxic potentials enriched in smaller particles resulting in much high risks associated with PAHs inhalation exposure. Indoor exposure contributed to ~80% of the total inhalation exposure as a result of high indoor air pollution and longer residence spent indoor. The highest exposure risk was found for the male smoker who conducted cooking activities at home.