In recent years, extended reality (XR) and telerehabilitation (TR) technologies have increasingly been used in the neurorehabilitation of motor dysfunctions in patients with cerebral palsy (CP). The Khymeia Virtual Reality Rehabilitation System (K-VRRS) is a medical device specifically designed for neuromotor rehabilitation, and it can also be used in TR mode. This pilot study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and adherence to a “two-step neuromotor program” (TS-NP) approach using K-VRRS to enhance upper limb motor functions in children with CP. The TS-NP protocol consists of two phases. In the first phase, patients undergo intensive motor training with K-VRRS during a period of hospitalization. In the second phase, initiated after discharge, patients continue K-VRRS treatment at home through TR, building upon the progress made during their hospital stay. A total of seven children with unilateral spastic CP (ages 4–10 years) were assessed at three time points: baseline (T0), after the first phase of in-person hospital treatment (T1), and following the second phase of TR treatment at home (T2). Standardized outcome measures were used, with the primary measure being the Melbourne Assessment 2. Preliminary data support the hypothesis that intensive K-VRRS treatment during hospitalization enhances motor function in the affected upper limb of children with CP. Furthermore, continuing K-VRRS treatment at home through TR appears crucial for maintaining the motor gains achieved during the hospital phase.

Background: Primary headaches in children and adolescents impose emotional, cognitive, and functional burdens beyond pain. This review synthesizes their psychopathological and neuropsychological dimensions and outlines implications for assessment and care. Methods: We performed a comprehensive review with systematic searches of PubMed, Scopus, and Embase (2015–2025). We included observational/experimental studies and evidence syntheses on 0–18-year-olds with migraine, tension-type, or cluster headache; treatment-only reports were excluded. Results: Across population and clinic samples, primary headaches co-occur with elevated anxiety/depression, frequent ADHD/learning problems, and pervasive sleep disturbances with likely bidirectionality. Interictally, small to moderate neurocognitive differences are most consistent in attention/executive control, processing speed, and verbal memory. Quality of life and school participation are reduced. Standardized tools (e.g., PedMIDAS, PedsQL/KIDSCREEN, SDQ/CBCL, SDSC±actigraphy, NEPSY-II/BRIEF) support multidisciplinary assessment. Conclusions: Care should look beyond pain counts, integrating routine screening of mood, sleep, and cognition; active family involvement; and school–healthcare coordination within stepped-care pathways (education and sleep hygiene for all; targeted CBT for catastrophizing/avoidance) with monitoring that pairs headache frequency with functional outcomes.

Background: Time perception (TP) is increasingly recognized as a key cognitive domain in children and adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP), yet existing studies are scarce, heterogeneous, and methodologically limited. Objective: To synthesize empirical evidence on TP in pediatric CP, distinguishing perceptual timing deficits from motor-based impairments and outlining putative cognitive mechanisms. Methods: Following PRISMA where appropriate, we systematically searched Scopus, Embase, and PubMed Central for studies on TP in individuals with CP under 18 years. Four studies met inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was appraised with STROBE, AXIS, and RoB 2. Results: Available evidence suggests that TP difficulties in CP are not solely due to motor dysfunction but also reflect broader cognitive–perceptual challenges. Studies using low-motor-demand tasks sometimes report intact TP, whereas tasks requiring overt movement often confound perceptual timing with execution demands. Intervention findings are mixed: time-related supports show promising but inconsistent effects on everyday time processing, while motor-focused timing training demonstrates limited impact on TP itself. However, conclusions are constrained by the small number of studies and variability in samples, tasks, and outcomes. Conclusions: TP should be considered a distinct, clinically relevant construct in pediatric CP. Future work should employ motor-minimal paradigms, report standardized CP classifications, and adopt longitudinal designs to isolate TP deficits and guide targeted interventions. Clarifying TP profiles may improve cognitive characterization and rehabilitation planning in CP.