The most critical issues in computational biology are characterizing and predicting uncharacterized proteins’ secondary and tertiary structures from their uploaded amino acid sequences in databases. Aedes albopictus (A. albopictus), sometimes referred to as the Asian tiger mosquito or forest mosquito and the carrier of dengue-like diseases, has many proteins, many of which are still poorly understood. The current work aims at elucidating the physicochemical properties and structures of the as-yet-uncharacterized A. albopictus protein AEW48448.1. ExPASy Protaram, CD Search, SOPMA, PSIPRED, and other advanced computerized tools were used following the standard flowchart for characterizing a hypothetical protein to ascertain the roles and structures of AEW48448.1. After identifying the protein’s secondary and tertiary structures, the structures were evaluated for quality using tools like PROCHECK and the ProSA-web. Later, the active site was also discovered using CASTp v3.0. The protein is more stable because it has a higher aliphatic index value and more negatively charged than positively charged residues. The modeling of the proteins’ 2D and 3D structures using multiple bioinformatics tools confirmed that they had domains, indicating that they were functional proteins involved in the host’s antiviral, cytokine, and interferon production pathways. Additionally, the protein was revealed to have active regions where ligands may bind. This work aims at elucidating the characteristics and structures of an uncharacterized A. albopictus protein that may serve as a therapeutic target for the creation of antiviral candidates and vaccines.

Article Md Mizan ^1,2,*, Md Shawon Miah ¹ and Md Khairul Islam ^{1 1} Department of Pharmacy, Dhaka International University, Satarkul, Badda, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh ² Pharmacy Discipline, School of Life Science, Khulna University, Khulna 9208, Bangladesh * Correspondence: hellotomizan@gmail.com; Tel.: +88-1746469198 Received: 11 January 2025; Revised: 9 February 2025; Accepted: 18 February 2025; Published: 20 February 2025 Abstract: Discovery of genus Holigarna longifolia and its traditional uses were obtained by living in forest or semi forest areas by close observations of the indigenous populations. The main aim of this study was to evaluate phytochemical screening, antioxidant and anti-microbial activity, thrombolytic activity, in vivo anti-inflammatory and neuropharmacological activity of H. longifolia leaf extract. In vitro antioxidant was evaluated by DPPH and ferric reducing power assay, Disc diffusion method was used to evaluate anti-microbial activity, thrombolytic activity was evaluated by clot lysis, determine the ability of the extracts to suppress inflammation was done using the formaldehyde-induced paw oedema test influence of the sedative activity of the drug on the forced swimming and tail flick-suspension tests were studied by using diazepam. The phytochemical screening of H. longifolia extract revealed the presence of reducing sugars, tannins, gums, steroids, glycosides, xanthoprotein and terpenoids. In DPPH the extract exhibited strong antioxidant with an IC₅₀ of 0.877 µg/mL, comparable to ascorbic acid IC₅₀ 0.839 µg/mL and in ferric reducing power assay the extract showed significant IC₅₀ value about 43.736 µg/mL. In anti-microbial tests, the highest inhibition, 19 mm was observed against Escherichia coli at 500 µg/disc, while Bacillus magaterium showed the lowest inhibition 9 mm at 250 µg/disc. In the MIC test, the extract leaves showed highest activity against E. coli (MIC = 4 mg/mL) and lowest against B. cereus, B. megaterium, and A. niger (MIC = 128 mg/mL). The extract demonstrates clot-lytic activity of 20.45 ± 1.42% versus 31.17 ± 0.65 for streptokinase. H. longifolia extract was determined to be safe in the acute toxicity trial, with no toxicity, mortality, or behavioral abnormalities in the mice. In the anti-inflammatory test, paw thickness was significantly reduced with inhibition rates of 54.22% by the dose of 250 mg/kg and 60.27% by 500 mg/kg) compared to 71.71% for the standard. Neuropharmacological tests revealed reduced immobility periods of 126.2 s in forced swimming and 145.8 s in tail suspension tests at dose of 200 mg/kg. Further studies will be needed to evaluate the full pharmacological potential H. longifolia.

Genistein (GT), a soy-derived isoflavone, have received attention due to their possible anticancer effects. The present research is designed to explore the anticancer potential of GT in the therapeutic management of breast cancer (BC) with molecular mechanisms. For this, data have been collected from plausible different online databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, PubChem, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer Link, and Wiley Online. The findings highlight GT’s potential to reduce oxidative damage, induce apoptosis, and modulate the cell lifecycle in BC cells. It inhibits cancer cell proliferation by affecting the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), phosphoinositide 3-kinase/ protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), and hedgehog regulatory pathways. Moreover, GT exhibits promising pharmacokinetic properties, including high intestinal absorption (95.5%) and strong Caco-2 permeability, with metabolism primarily via CYP1A2 and CYP2C19. However, its poor blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability and low water solubility present difficulties to the systemic bioavailability. Toxicological investigations demonstrate a dose-dependent effect of GT, with large dosages causing toxicity and low concentrations showing therapeutic potential. Clinical studies emphasize its complex involvement in BC, with differing findings on benefits and risks, indicating the need for additional safety and efficacy study.