This study determines the sensitivity and specificity of a screening test to detect perceptual abnormalities and whether there are differences between gender. Vision is a complex process involving visual perception. Any alterations can affect learning, so having a screening test in Spanish that is easy to use and reliable for timely diagnosis will reduce the percentage of visuo-perceptual interference during learning process. A total of 200 subjects participated, aged between 8 and 15 years old, with good visual acuity, and no strabismus, amblyopia, ocular pathology, or neurological damage. The Petrosyan questionnaire (screening test) was employed to identify symptoms associated with perceptual impairment, and a subsequent assessment was conducted to evaluate perceptual abilities. The mean age was 11.5 years (57% male; 44% female). The screening test indicated that 30% of the subjects were suspected of having perceptual alteration, while 24% were diagnosed with a real alteration in perceptual abilities. The sensitivity was 1 and the specificity was 0.92. The Spanish version of the Petrosyan questionnaire has high sensitivity and specificity values and is therefore considered very accurate for identifying the need for a perceptual assessment. There are statistically significant differences in perceptual abilities according to gender. The female group shows more symptomatology and a higher percentage of alteration in perceptual skills.

El trastorno del espectro autista (TEA) se caracteriza por una alteración generalizada del desarrollo cerebral, que afecta la socialización, comunicación, imaginación y reciprocidad emocional y se evidencia mediante conductas repetitivas e inusuales. El uso de prismas gemelos estimula una reorganización neurológica y provoca cambios en la percepción visual. El objetivo del presente artículo fue evaluar las habilidades visuales y determinar el efecto de los prismas gemelos en la atención, postura y comportamiento de los niños con TEA. Se elaboró un estudio de intervención con muestras pareadas antes-después; se incluyeron 20 niños con diagnóstico de TEA en edades de 4 a 16 años, y se realizó una evaluación optométrica basal, aplicando un cuestionario para identificar síntomas y otra posterior al uso de un anteojo con prismas base superior, durante 4 meses. El análisis estadístico se realizó con prueba t de Student para muestras no independientes. Se halló que la media de edad fue de 10,05 años, 90 % sexo masculino, 45 % hipermetropía, 30 % insuficiencia de convergencia, 90 % fusión y 85 % estereopsis gruesa. El promedio de aciertos en el cuestionario inicial fue de 18,50 ± 7,64 y en el final de 13,20 ± 7,53 p = 0,000. Finalmente, se concluye que la hipermetropía se presenta en el 45 % de los casos; un 30 % presenta insuficiencia de convergencia, y el 85 %, estereopsis gruesa; asimismo, el uso de prismas gemelos de 3 dioptrías base superior produce cambios estadísticamente significativos en la postura, atención y comportamiento, por lo que se propone como alternativa de manejo adicional en niños con TEA

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), recognized as a progressive neurovascular and microvascular complication of diabetes, remains one of the leading causes of visual disability worldwide, within the context of a sustained increase in ophthalmic diseases and retinal vascular disorders that compromise vision. This study aimed to characterize the progression of diabetic retinopathy in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced Wistar rat model. A single dose of 65 mg/kg body weight was administered, with follow-up periods at 2, 4, 8, and 10 weeks, compared to healthy controls. STZ-induced rats exhibited reduced weight gain compared to the control group. They also showed markedly variable hyperglycemia, with glucose concentrations ranging from 250 to 530 mg/dL. Histological analysis of retinal tissue at week 4 revealed early signs of vascular compromise, including early indications of a microenvironment conducive to neovascularization and edema. By week 8, retinal damage had progressed to hemorrhage, persistent edema, and layer-specific vascular disruption. At week 10, intensified neovascularization and exacerbated edema indicated advanced microvascular deterioration. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated a temporal accumulation of CD8⁺ T cells in the retina, correlating with photoreceptor degeneration. The coordinated dynamics of CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T cells suggested transient immune activation during STZ-induced retinal degeneration. Gene expression profiling revealed a proinflammatory and pro-oxidative retinal microenvironment, characterized by the overexpression of angiogenic pathways and proliferative signals. Simultaneously, the antioxidant response appeared partially impaired. Collectively, these findings provide mechanistic perspective on the multifactorial nature of diabetic retinopathy. Oxidative stress, inflammation, and angiogenesis converge to disrupt retinal homeostasis. This experimental model may serve as a reliable platform for future studies aimed at elucidating disease pathophysiology, identifying novel therapeutic targets, and evaluating emerging ophthalmic antidiabetic interventions.