Qymyz is a traditional acidic and ethanolic beverage in central Asian countries made from mare milk fermentation with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and yeasts. Modeling the growth of microorganisms during fermentation is one of the methods used to control the quality of fermented products. The objective of the study was, firstly, to model the growth kinetics of Kazachstania unispora found in qymyz, and, secondly, to understand their interaction with Lacticaseibacillus casei and Lactobacillus kefiri during the fermentation of mare milk. The K. unispora optimum values of pH and temperature were 4.81 ± 0.22 and 30.16 ± 0.53 °C, respectively, with an optimal growth rate (µopt) of 0.56 ± 0.02 h⁻¹. K. unispora had an ethanol production rate of 6.1 × 10⁻⁸ mg·CFU⁻¹. Growth, in terms of limiting substrates showed a lower Ks value for galactose at 0.13 ± 0.04 mg·mL⁻¹ with µopt of 0.45 ± 0.01 h⁻¹, while, for glucose, the Ks was 0.24 ± 0.03 mg·mL⁻¹ with the same µopt. Cocultures of K. unispora were conducted with L. casei and L. kefiri in a synthetic medium and mare milk. The results showed that K. unispora growth was limited and, thus, its ethanol production capacity was inhibited. VOC analysis of mare milk fermented with the studied strains and their cocultures resulted in 37 major volatile compounds. Statistical analysis of the VOC profiles showed that K. unispora modulates the aroma production in coculture with LAB.

Background: Rabies remains a fatal zoonotic disease, necessitating effective and affordable vaccines. While current vaccines are effective, they require multiple doses and may not induce long-lasting immunity in all settings. The rabies virus glycoprotein (RABV-G) is the principal antigen responsible for eliciting virus-neutralizing antibodies, but its recombinant monomeric forms often suffer from poor immunogenicity due to misfolding and aggregation. Methods: A recombinant trimeric RABV-G ectodomain (rRABV-G-XVIII) was engineered by fusing it to a human collagen XVIII-derived trimerization domain. The protein was expressed in E. coli, purified under denaturing conditions, and refolded. Trimer formation was verified using size-exclusion chromatography. Mice were immunized with rRABV-G-XVIII, with or without adjuvant, and compared to a monomeric form (rRABV-GE). Antigen-specific antibody responses were measured by ELISA, neutralizing activity was assessed, and protective efficacy was evaluated via intracerebral challenge with the CVS-27 rabies strain. Results: rRABV-G-XVIII formed stable trimers and induced strong humoral immune responses, with high ELISA titers and virus-neutralizing activity comparable to an inactivated rabies vaccine. Mice immunized with rRABV-GE showed lower antibody responses and partial protection, which improved with adjuvant. All rRABV-G-XVIII-immunized mice were fully protected against rabies challenge, independent of adjuvant use. Conclusions: Stabilization of RABV-G in its native trimeric conformation markedly improves immunogenicity and protective efficacy. This approach offers a promising strategy for the development of rabies subunit vac-cines with simplified formulations and potential for cost-effective production in bacterial systems.

Equine trypanosomosis remains an important veterinary concern in regions where horses play a significant economic and cultural role. In Kazakhstan, comprehensive nationwide data on the seroepidemiological status of equine trypanosomes are limited. The aim of this study was to assess the serological distribution of equine trypanosomosis across all administrative regions of Kazakhstan using complement fixation testing (CFT). A total of 6065 equine serum samples were collected from seventeen regions between 2023 and 2025. Antibodies against members of the Trypanozoon subgenus were detected using a WOAH-recommended CFT protocol. Overall seropositivity was 4.73%, with substantial regional variation ranging from 0% to 16.52%. Statistically significant differences in seroprevalence were observed between regions (p < 0.001), and mixed-effects modelling indicated considerable regional clustering. PCR testing of seropositive samples did not confirm the presence of Trypanosoma equiperdum, while one sample tested positive for Trypanosoma evansi. These findings suggest that CFT seropositivity reflects exposure to equine trypanosomes rather than confirmed dourine infection. Given the inability of CFT to reliably distinguish between T. equiperdum and T. evansi, species-level attribution remains uncertain. This study provides the first nationwide overview of serological reactivity to equine trypanosomes in Kazakhstan. The results highlight regional heterogeneity in antibody detection and underscore the need for expanded molecular surveillance and improved species-specific diagnostic tools to clarify the epidemiological status of equine trypanosomosis in the country.

The problem of Albendazole and Ivermectin medicine residues in milk is a current question in food safety. With no data being available, the present study aimed to assess the risk of antiparasitic residues in camel milk after injection at curative dose. For the experiment, 10 camels were allocated to two groups, treated with Albendazole and Ivermectin, respectively; milk samples were taken every day for the first 4 days, then approximately every 2 weeks for 6 months. In addition, blood samples were taken for the Albendazole group. The samples were analysed by HPLC. On average, for Albendazole, the maximum concentration appeared on day 2 (52 ± 65.2 µg/mL) and day 48 (50 ± 63.1 µg/mL). After 210 days, the residues remained at around 11 µg/mL (MRL = 0.1 µg/mL). The kinetic assessment in the blood samples showed a slight shift in relation to that of milk during the first days of the experiment, but there was no significant difference between them. For Ivermectin, only one peak appeared on day 101 (0,96 ± 1,19 µg/mL), and after 172 days, the mean concentration was still 0.12 µg/mL (MRL = 0.01 µg/mL). The persistence of the residues for a long time after injection leads us to consider that specific guidelines should be proposed for ensuring the safety of camel milk.

Frequent inoculation of reference strains and subcultures during strain storage leads to a change in the morpho-physiological properties of the pathogen, so it is important to study the main biological properties of live reference vaccine strains during long-term storage. As is known from literary sources, R- and S-forms differ in their morphological characteristics, the R-form produces long threads, the S-form produces single or paired rods. Type R in broth gives a scaly deposit, but the broth remains transparent, whereas type S results in uniform turbidity of the broth with an amorphous deposit. On agar, R-form colonies look like jellyfish heads, and S-form colonies are flat with smooth edges. The study on the main biological properties of B. anthracis variants is of practical interest for the production of veterinary drugs. It has been established that under favorable environmental conditions, spores pass into a vegetative form and revert to spores again in early autumn. In the body of animals and humans, anthrax bacilli form capsules. Capsules also form in culture media containing blood, serum, egg white or brain tissue. As a result of the studies, the biological properties of the B. anthracis Sterne 34 F2 strain were determined in various nutrient media, with an assessment of the morpho-physiological characteristics. The study used microbiological research methods, including inoculation and control of cultivation in nutrient media. The practical significance of the study is stemmed from optimization of the production of vaccines and diagnostic test systems, allowing for maximum production of antigen components.

The problem of medicine residues as Albendazole and Ivermectin in milk is a current question in food safety. No data being available for camel, the present study aimed to assess the risk of antiparasitic residues in camel milk after injection at curative dose. For the experiment, 10 camels shared in two groups where used for Albendazole and Ivermectin respectively and milk samples were taken every day the first 4 days, then approximately every 2 weeks for 6 months. In addition, blood samples were taken in Ivermectin group. The samples were analysed by HPLC. One average for Albendazole, the maximum concentration appeared on day 2 (52 ± 65.2 µg/mL) and day 48 (50 ± 63.1 µg/mL). and after 210 days, the residues remained at around 11 µg/mL. The kinetic in blood showed a slight shift with that of milk during the first days of the experiment, but there was no significant difference between them. For Ivermectin, one peak only appeared at date 101 (0,96 ± 1,19 µg/mL) and after 172 days, the mean concentration was still 0.12 µg/mL. The persistence of the residues long time after injection lead to consider that specific guidelines should be proposed for camel.