Bacterial drug resistance to antibiotics is growing globally at unprecedented levels, and strategies to overcome treatment deficiencies are continuously developing. In our approach, we utilized metal nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), known for their wide spread and significant anti-bacterial actions, and the high-dose regimen of lincosamide antibiotic, lincomycin, to demonstrate the efficacy of the combined delivery concept in combating the bacterial resistance. The anti-bacterial actions of the AgNPs and the lincomycin as single entities and as part of the combined mixture of the AgNPs–lincomycin showed improved anti-bacterial biological activity in the Bacillus cereus and Proteus mirabilis microorganisms in comparison to the AgNPs and lincomycin alone. The comparison of the anti-biofilm formation tendency, minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) suggested additive effects of the AgNPs and lincomycin combination co-delivery. The AgNPs’ MIC at 100 μg/mL and MBC at 100 μg/mL for both Bacillus cereus and Proteus mirabilis, respectively, together with the AgNPs–lincomycin mixture MIC at 100 + 12.5 μg/mL for Bacillus cereus and 50 + 12.5 μg/mL for Proteus mirabilis, confirmed the efficacy of the mixture. The growth curve test showed that the AgNPs required 90 min to kill both bacterial isolates. The freshly prepared and well-characterized AgNPs, important for the antioxidant activity levels of the AgNPs material, showed radical scavenging potential that increased with the increasing concentrations. The DPPH’s best activity concentration, 100 μg/mL, which is also the best concentration exhibiting the highest anti-bacterial zone inhibition, was chosen for evaluating the combined effects of the antibiotic, lincomycin, and the AgNPs. Plausible genotoxic effects and the roles of AgNPs were observed through decreased Bla gene expressions in the Bacillus cereus and Bla_CTX-M-15 gene expressions in the Proteus mirabilis.

The flower extract of Carthamus tinctorius has been used in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and exhibited positive results in biomedical applications, specifically antibacterial and antibiofilm activity. The objective of this research was to design a greener and more effective approach toward the synthesis of AgNPs as well as assess multidrug-resistant biofilm-forming bacteria’s antimicrobial activity. Different techniques of characterization like UV–visible spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, FTIR, and EDX confirmed that the spherical-shaped AgNPs, which were successfully biosynthesized in the size range of 20–60 nm. A peak in the UV–visible spectrum was seen at around 417 nm, indicating the formation of the AgNPs. The antimicrobial effect of the biosynthesized AgNPs was examined against Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii in dilutions of 100–6.25 µg/mL. The results showed that the inhibition was dose-dependent, with the greatest level of inhibition seen at 100 µg/mL. The largest inhibition zones were demonstrated in E. coli and A. baumannii cultures at the values of 16.66 mm and 16.33 mm, respectively. For all strains tested, the minimum inhibitory concentration and the minimum bactericidal concentration were determined at 6.25 µg/mL. Moreover, subMIC concentrations of AgNPs showed high antibiofilm activity, confirming the use of AgNPs as antibiofilm agents. These results propose further usage of AgNPs in biotechnology and pharmacology as a bioactive agent against bacterial infection, biofilms, and drug-resistant bacteria. The usefulness of C. tinctorius AgNPs in the development of antimicrobial therapies is made apparent due to the studies.

The utilization of plant bioactive composites has concerned substantial attention due to their possible use in the development of novel antibiotics, containing the environmentally sustainable synthesis of nanoparticles. In the current study, a green and eco-friendly process was employed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) and to evaluate their anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer potentials. The characterization of the Ag-NPs involved UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The UV-vis spectrum of Ag-NPs was 437 nm. The FTIR absorption peaks detected at 685.48 cm ⁻¹ confirmed their characteristics. The FESEM displayed that Ag-NPs have an average size of 30 nm. The TEM revealed that the Ag-NPs have an irregular spherical shape with 16 nm size distribution. The XRD results provided a strong indication that the green synthesized Ag-NPs was of high purity with crystalline nature. The anti-bacterial properties were investigated at different concentrations for both the ethanolic tangerine peel extract and Ag-NPs. The results of anti-bacterial activity showed that 100 µg·mL ⁻¹ was potent concentration, but the Ag-NPs were more effective than the ethanolic tangerine peel extract. For the ethanolic extract, the inhibition zone was 17.50 ± 0.20 mm for K. pneumoniae and 14.40 ± 0.20 mm for B. cereus . For the Ag-NPs, the inhibition zone was 25.50 mm for K. pneumoniae and 20.50 mm for B. cereus. Furthermore, the antioxidant examination revealed more potent free radical scavenging activity of the Ag-NPs than the ethanolic peel extract alone. The ethanolic extract ranged 46–77% while the Ag-NPs ranged 57–88%. Additionally, the anti-proliferative of the Ag-NPs against the lung cancer cell line (A549) was more potent than the ethanolic extract alone. The cytotoxic activity was 90.03% and 78.50%, respectively. The anti-proliferative effect of Ag-NPs is attributed to cell death, induced apoptosis, and enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species. Our findings highlight the potential and further utilization of Ag-NPs in medicinal applications particularly for cancer therapeutics.

Biosynthesis of AgNPs is a new approach in the field of nanotechnology with optimistic implementation in medicine, food control, and pharmacology. In this study, the silver nanoparticles were produced by Lactobacillus gasseri filtrate. The production of AgNPs was confirmed by the color change from yellow to brown. Using UV visible spectrophotometer at 424 nm wavelength, and X-ray diffraction, it was found that the size of the synthesized particles was 58.5 nm after applying Scherrer’s equation. The inhibitory activity of silver nitrate on the growth of some pathogenic isolates was studied Staphylococcus haemolyticus Gram positive, and Klebsiella pneumoniae Gram negative. The highest inhibitory diameter was 14.6 mm at 100% concentration (stock) against Staphylococcus haemolyticus bacteria was followed by that of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria with an average inhibition zone diameter reached 13.6 mm at 100% concentration. The highest effect was of AgNPs on the growth of Staphylococcus haemolyticus bacteria, as it found the average diameter of the inhibition zone reached to 29.3 mm, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with the average diameter of the inhibiting zone it was 22.6 mm at 100% concentration (stock). This study showed AgNPs have more antibacterial activity against Gram positive bacteria than Gram negative bacteria. The importance of this study lies in testing the effectiveness of by Lactobacillus gasseri bacteria in the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles and studying their antibacterial activity on pathogenic bacteria.

In this study 50 isolates were obtained from the Baghdad teaching city medicine laboratories, from wounds and burns. Isolates were identified exercise VITEK 2 system (Biomerieux). Streptococcus pyogenes isolate was used to create the biosynthesize of silver nanoparticles’’ against some pathogenic microbes such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Evaluation of the effect of the created biosynthesis silver nanoparticles’’ (AgNPs) by Streptococcus pyogenes on the biofilm formation by various human pathogenic bacteria. Biosynthesis of AgNPs was characterized by ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, the observation of color change of the experimental samples in the presence of 1 mM AgNO3 at 410 nm. A color change from pale yellow to slightly brown occurred for bacterial supernatant within 24 hours of incubation in the presence of light Scanning electron microscope (SEM), the biosynthesis silver nanoparticles’’ are predominately circular fit as a fiddle having a smooth surface and very much scattered with close minimal game plan, X-ray diffraction (XRD). The The normal molecule size was determined by Debye-Scherer equation and its evaluation was roughly 6.43nm. The normal molecule size was determined by Debye-Scherer equation and its evaluation was roughly 6.43nm. The importance of this work lies in the possibility of synthesizing the silver nanoparticles’’ using these bacteria, which are considered as types of fastidious bacteria. As far as the researcher’s knowledge is concerned, this is study is the first of its kind in Iraq.

This study was carried out for the mycosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by Candida albicans supernatant. All the isolates used in this study were taken from the patients who existed at Al-Elweya children's teaching hospital in Baghdad, Iraq. Mycosynthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by color visualization, ultraviolet-visible (UV) spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The UV-Vis spectroscopy examination has shown the highest absorbance (λmax) at the wavelength of 429 nanometers, which indicated the creation of silver nanoparticles. Furthermore, the results of the antibacterial potential of AgNO3 and AgNPs against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus haemolyticus bacteria showed the highest effect of AgNO3 against Staphylococcus haemolyticus when the diameter of the inhibition zone reached (14.00 mm). In contrast, the lowest effect of the AgNO3 was with the diameter of the inhibition zone that reached (11.66 mm). The highest effect of the AgNO3 against Klebsiella pneumoniae by the diameter of the inhibition zone was reached (12.66mm), while the lowest effect was (9.00mm). The highest effect of the AgNPs against Klebsiella pneumoniae by the diameter of the inhibition zone reached (16.00mm), while the lowest effect was (13.00mm). The highest effect of the AgNPs against Staphylococcus haemolyticus by the diameter of the inhibition zone was reached (17.33mm). Where the lowest effect by the diameter of the inhibition zone was reached (14.00mm). Interestingly, this revealed that Staphylococcus haemolyticus was more susceptible to silver nitrate (AgNO3) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) than Klebsiella pneumoniae.