Long-term excessive use of fertilizers and intensive cultivation not only decreases soil organic carbon (SOC) and productivity, but also increases greenhouse gas emissions, which is detrimental to sustainable agricultural development. The purpose of this paper is to identify organic amendments suitable for winter wheat growth in the North China Plain by studying the effects of organic amendments on the economic benefits, carbon emissions, and carbon sequestration for winter wheat fields and to provide a theoretical basis for the wide application of organic amendments in agricultural fields. The two nitrogen rates were N0 (0 kg ha⁻¹) and N240 (240 kg ha⁻¹), and the four organic amendments were straw, manure, mushroom residue (M R), and biochar. The results showed that, compared to N0, N240 significantly increased the yield by 244.1–318.4% and the organic carbon storage by 16.7–30.5%, respectively, but increased the carbon emissions by 29.3–45.5%. In addition, soil carbon stocks increased with all three types of organic amendments compared to the straw amendment, with the biochar treatment being the largest, increasing carbon storage by 13.3–33.6%. In terms of yield and economic benefits, compared to the straw amendment, the manure and biochar amendments increased winter wheat yields by 0.0–1.5% and 4.0–13.3%, respectively, and M R slightly decreased wheat yield; only the economic benefit of the M R amendment was greater than that of the straw amendment, with an increase in economic benefit of 1.3% and 8.2% in the 2021–2022 and 2022–2023 seasons, respectively. Furthermore, according to the net ecosystem productivity (NEP), N0 was the source of CO₂, while N240 was a sink of CO₂. The TOPSIS results showed that N240 with a mushroom residue amendment could be recommended for increasing soil carbon stocks and economic benefits for winter wheat in the NCP and similar regions. Low-cost M R can increase farmer motivation and improve soil organic carbon, making a big step forward in the spread of organic materials on farmland.

Water scarcity and spatial variability in soil fertility are key constraints to stable grain production in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. However, the interaction mechanisms between regulated deficit irrigation and soil fertility influencing yield formation and water-nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat remain unclear. In this study, a two-year field experiment (2022–2024) was conducted to investigate the effects of two irrigation regimes—regulated deficit irrigation during the heading to grain filling stage (D) and full irrigation (W)—under four soil fertility levels: F1 (N: P: K = 201.84: 97.65: 199.05 kg ha⁻¹), F2 (278.52: 135: 275.4 kg ha⁻¹), F3 (348.15: 168.75: 344.25 kg ha⁻¹), and CK (no fertilization). The results show that aboveground dry matter accumulation, total nitrogen content, pre-anthesis dry matter and nitrogen translocation, and post-anthesis accumulation significantly increased with fertility level (p < 0.05). Regulated deficit irrigation promoted the contribution of post-anthesis dry matter to grain yield under the CK and F1 treatments, but suppressed it under the F2 and F3 treatments. However, it consistently enhanced the contribution of post-anthesis nitrogen to grain yield (p < 0.05) across all fertility levels. Higher fertility levels prolonged the grain filling duration by 18.04% but reduced the mean grain filling rate by 15.05%, whereas regulated deficit irrigation shortened the grain filling duration by 3.28% and increased the mean grain filling rate by 12.83% (p < 0.05). Grain yield significantly increased with improved fertility level (p < 0.05), reaching a maximum of 9361.98 kg·ha⁻¹ under the F3 treatment. Regulated deficit irrigation increased yield under the CK and F1 treatments but reduced it under the F2 and F3 treatments. Additionally, water use efficiency exhibited a parabolic response to fertility level and was significantly enhanced by regulated deficit irrigation. Nitrogen partial factor productivity (NPFP) declined with increasing fertility level (p < 0.05); Regulated deficit irrigation improved NPFP under the F1 treatment but reduced it under the F2 and F3 treatments. The highest NPFP (41.63 kg·kg⁻¹) was achieved under the DF1 treatment, which was 54.81% higher than that under the F3 treatment. TOPSIS analysis showed that regulated deficit irrigation combined with the F1 fertility level provided the optimal balance among yield, WUE, and NPFP. Therefore, implementing regulated deficit irrigation during the heading–grain filling stage under moderate fertility (F1) is recommended as the most effective strategy for achieving high yield and efficient resource utilization in winter wheat production in this region.

Conventional irrigation practices, characterized by excessive water application, have diminished water use efficiency (WUE) and intensified agricultural water consumption. Optimizing irrigation schedules and moderately reducing water input are therefore essential for enhancing WUE while safeguarding stable yields. Micro-sprinkler irrigation, which integrates the benefits of both drip and sprinkler systems, represents a promising technology with substantial water-saving potential. However, its effects on root development and crop yield remain inadequately investigated. Here, we established three micro-sprinkler irrigation regimes—MS20 (20 mm), MS30 (30 mm), and MS40 (40 mm)—alongside flood irrigation (FI) and rainfed (RF) controls, to systematically assess their impacts on soil water content, root growth traits, dry matter accumulation, yield, and WUE. Compared with FI, MS treatments decreased profile soil water content at jointing but increased it in specific layers during grain filling, albeit to varying extents. MS treatments enhanced total root length density (TRLD) and total root dry weight density (TRDD) relative to FI, with MS20 significantly increasing both parameters in the 20–100 cm soil layer. Moreover, MS20 increased pre-flowering dry matter translocation (PDMT) by 9.69% on average and post-flowering dry matter accumulation (PFDMA) by 15.04% during the 2022–2023 season. Yield and WUE under MS treatments exceeded those under FI by 3.46–6.53% and 4.42–21.21%, respectively. Among the MS treatments, MS20 achieved the highest average WUE. No significant yield or WUE differences were observed between MS20 and MS30, with MS30 producing the numerically maximum average yield. MS40 did not significantly affect yield in 2021–2022; however, it substantially reduced both yield and WUE relative to MS20 and MS30 in 2022–2023. A comprehensive TOPSIS analysis identified the combination of micro-sprinkler irrigation with total seasonal irrigation amounts of 80 mm or 120 mm as the optimal strategy for winter wheat production in the eastern Henan region of the North China Plain (NCP).