This work introduces a sophisticated impedance-based equivalent circuit model of the electrochemical processes inside a lithium-ion battery cell. The influence on the electrical voltage response is derived and merged into a mathematical calculation framework describing all fundamental phenomena inside a battery. The parameters, whose sole influences on the electric behaviour cannot be separated at the cell level, are summarised to derive a model with purely electrical quantities. We significantly reduce the model order compared to a physicochemical model while ensuring a minimal approximation error. Utilising the findings from the model derivation, we develop a parameterisation procedure to separate the individual processes occurring in the battery and to support a hypothesis of the assignment to positive and negative electrodes based on several indicia. For this purpose, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and correlation analysis are used to calculate the distribution of the time constants. The final parameterised model has physics-based parameter variations, which ensures that the simulation over broad ranges of temperatures and states of charge results in a reasonable voltage response. The model’s physical basis enables extrapolation beyond the measured operation area, and the model verification shows less than a 10 mV root mean square error over a wide range of operations.

This work demonstrates the potential of fiber optic sensors for measuring thermal effects in lithium-ion batteries, using a fiber optic measurement method of Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR). The innovative application of fiber sensors allows for spatially resolved temperature measurement, particularly emphasizing the importance of monitoring not just the exterior but also the internal conditions within battery cells. Utilizing inert glass fibers as sensors, which exhibit minimal sensitivity to electric fields, opens up new pathways for their implementation in a wide range of applications, such as battery monitoring. The sensors used in this work provide real-time information along the entire length of the fiber. It is shown that using the herein presented novel sensors in a temperature range of 0–$80°\mathrm{C}$ reveals a linear, high-sensitivity thermal measurement characteristic with a local resolution of a few centimeters. Furthermore, this study presents preliminary findings on the potential application of fiber optic sensors in lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells, demonstrating that the steps required for battery integration do not impose any restrictive effects on thermal measurements.

This work demonstrates the potential of fiber optic sensors for measuring thermal effects in lithium-ion batteries, using a fiber optic measurement method of Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR). The innovative application of fiber sensors allows for spatially resolved temperature measurement, particularly emphasizing the importance of monitoring not just the exterior but also the internal conditions within battery cells. Utilizing inert glass fibers as sensors, which exhibit minimal sensitivity to electric fields, opens up new pathways for their implementation in a wide range of applications, such as battery monitoring. The sensors used in this work provide real-time information along the entire length of the fiber, unlike commonly used Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors. It is shown that using the herein presented novel sensors in a temperature range of 0 to 80 degree celsius reveals a linear thermal dependency with high sensitivity and a local resolution of a few centimeters. Furthermore, this study presents preliminary findings on the potential application of fiber optic sensors in lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells, demonstrating that the steps required for battery integration do not impose any restrictive effects on thermal measurements.