Bathymetric LiDAR technology is a technology used for simultaneous data acquisition regarding the morphology of the bottom of water reservoirs and the surrounding coastal zone, realized from the air, e.g., by plane or drone. Contrary to the air topographic LiDAR, which uses an infrared wavelength of 1064 nm, bathymetric LiDAR systems additionally use a green wavelength of 532 nm. The green laser can penetrate the water, which makes it possible to measure the depth of shallow water reservoirs, rivers, and coastal sea waters within three Secchi depths. This article presents the theoretical basis for the construction of a green laser. Against the background of other methods of measuring the bottom of water reservoirs, the technology using waves from the visible light range is presented in detail in the assessment of the bottom morphology of shallow water reservoirs. The possibilities of using green laser in lidar bathymetry implemented in particular in non-navigable regions are shown. The results of the researchers’ work on river processes (erosion, sedimentation), design of stream restoration, determination of morphometric parameters of the riverbed, as well as assessment of the topography of the marine coastal bottom zones are summarized. The development direction of lidar bathymetry is discussed.

This study assesses groundwater vulnerability in Owerri, Nigeria, using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) and Geographic Information System (GIS)-based DRASTIC modeling. The research methodology includes literature review, field survey, geological feature mapping, hydrogeological assessment, geo-electrical sounding, and data interpretation. Owerri, a rapidly developing city with flat topography and a growing population, uses the DRASTIC model to construct a groundwater vulnerability map. The model evaluates the risk of groundwater contamination using seven critical criteria, including depth to water table, net recharge, aquifer media, soil media, topography, vadose zone impact, and hydraulic conductivity. Each parameter was given a weight and rating, and the DRASTIC Index (DI) was calculated by summing the products of the weights and ratings for each factor. The results of the vulnerability assessment indicated that approximately 49% of the study area falls into the high vulnerability category, around 45% is classified as moderate vulnerability, and the remaining 6% is labeled as low vulnerability. The study reveals moderate to high vulnerability zones in Owerri, Nigeria, due to factors like lower slope terrain, permeable aquifer media, and vadose zone impact. The use of VES and GIS-based DRASTIC mapping techniques provides insights into groundwater vulnerability, aiding in sustainable resource management and environmental protection. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding potential risks and the need for effective management strategies to safeguard clean water supplies. Further research and mitigation efforts should focus on highly vulnerable areas.

The subject of this study is selection of mathematical description (interpolation method) of landslides surface for the purpose of periodic control of terrain movements. Monitoring of landslides, considered in this work, concerns points of periodic GPS or tacheometric measurements carried out in a relatively regular grid. For economic reasons, the grid usually consists of limited group of about several dozen of points that do not allow for an exact description of the terrain surface, nevertheless a general movement of a landslide can be detected (observed). Replacement of discrete set of points to a continuous surface model allows for a better assessment of the phenomenon especially within the scope of its main directions of activity. The choice of best performing interpolation method in order to construct a reliable numerical terrain model was performed through tests carried out on complex model surfaces. These model surfaces encompassed various configurations of terrain relief. In this study four interpolation methods i.e. splines, kriging triangulation with linear interpolation and IDW are compared. Tests on model surfaces distinguished the method of splines as the best performing one as well as the method of kriging which is suitable in some instances. The selected method of splines was then applied to periodically monitored landslide in Milówka in the south of Poland. Interpolation by means of splines allowed for observing progressive movements of the landslide surface with accuracy up to several millimeters. This confirms the usefulness and reliability of this method in landslides monitoring. Specialized field: Surveying & Geo-Spatial Engineering: Deformation Surveying.

The escalating challenges of climate change, biodiversity loss, land degradation, and urban expansion have amplified the need for reliable, high-resolution, and timely environmental data. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies have become indispensable tools for environmental monitoring, enabling the systematic collection, analysis, and visualization of spatial data across diverse ecosystems. This review synthesizes recent innovations in GIS and RS that are transforming environmental surveillance and decision-making. Key developments include the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for enhanced image classification, cloud-based platforms like Google Earth Engine (GEE) for scalable analysis, and the increasing use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and hyperspectral sensors for high-resolution monitoring. Furthermore, the convergence of geospatial analytics with big data, the Internet of Things (IoT), and participatory approaches such as citizen science is expanding the accessibility and impact of environmental data. Case studies from Africa, Asia, and global initiatives highlight practical applications in land use change detection, water resource assessment, hazard risk mapping, urban heat island analysis, and biodiversity conservation. While the potential of these tools is vast, persistent challenges include data interoperability, technical capacity gaps, policy integration barriers, and ethical concerns related to surveillance and data equity. This review calls for greater investment in open-source tools, interdisciplinary collaboration, and inclusive data governance to realize the full potential of GIS and RS in achieving environmental resilience and sustainability. Future directions emphasise real-time monitoring, ethical frameworks, and the democratisation of spatial intelligence.

The article presents examples of the employment of various geodetic measuring tools used for a detailed inventory of lake basins and shorelines. The measurement and analysis covered three post-mining open pit excavations recultivated as water reservoirs: two in Krakow (Bagry Wielkie and Bagry Małe) and one in Piaseczno (Piaseczno Sulphur Mine). Attention was paid to the factors that reduce the accuracy of the inventory of some flooded post-mining excavations, which determine the degree of usefulness of the morphometric data set for later analyses. According to available estimates, only about one-third of all water reservoirs in Poland have detailed geodetic documentation in the form of bathymetric maps. This documentation usually does not include water reservoirs of anthropogenic origin formed after the flooding of post-mining excavations (mines: sand, gravel, clay, limestone, sulphur, aggregates, etc.). The authors suggest the introduction of a document known as a reservoir documentation card and the creation of a database covering all anthropogenic water reservoirs. Considering the water deficit in Poland, it may be necessary to develop a detailed database of water resources in the short term.

The process of landslides is often carried out over long periods of time and is conditioned by the action of three groups of factors: an accidental, cyclical and main factor. The separation of the long-term tendency (isolation of the main factor) requires elimination of the seasonal (cyclic) and accidental factor. The article presents the results of geodesic surveys of a selected landslide, which was activated by opencast mining. Geodetic measurements were carried out with a ground based radar interferometer in GBInSAR technology and a GPS receiver in RTN technology. For the obtained data, a method was presented that allows to isolate a cyclic factor in a 24-hour period. The elimination of the cyclical factor allowed to distinguish the long-term tendency and determine the nature of the trend. open cast mine; landslide; displacement monitoring; geodetic measurements; technology; kinematics