This research examines the spread of disinformation on social media platforms and its impact on state resilience through a systematic literature review of 150 peer-reviewed studies published between 2014 and 2024. The analysis revealed that disinformation spreads six times faster than accurate information, with emotions and platform algorithms playing a significant role in its spread. Factors such as low digital literacy, political polarization, and declining trust in institutions increase people’s vulnerability to disinformation. Impacts on national security include threats to the integrity of democratic processes, the erosion of social cohesion, and decreased public trust. The most effective coping strategies include improving digital literacy (78 percent effective), fact-checking (65 percent), and content regulation (59 percent). However, these efforts face ethical and legal challenges, especially regarding freedom of expression. This research highlights the need for a multidimensional approach in addressing the “information pandemic”, integrating technological, educational, and policy strategies while considering ethical implications. The findings provide a foundation for further policy development and research to protect the integrity of public information spaces and state resilience in the digital age.

This study examines the dynamics of information dissemination and opinion formation in Indonesian social media through a comprehensive analysis of a high-profile youth violence case. Using social network analysis (SNA), we analyzed 264,155 activities from 83,097 accounts on platform X (formerly Twitter) to understand the patterns of information flow, cluster formation, and inter-group interactions. The analysis revealed four distinct clusters with unique characteristics: a dominant support cluster (40.12%), a context-focused cluster (26.93%), a mainstream media cluster (14.14%), and a peripheral engagement cluster (6.05%). This study found significant patterns in information dissemination, with retweets dominating at 68% of total activities and strategic hashtag usage at 28%. Cross-cluster interactions comprised 20% of total activities, challenging assumptions about echo chambers in digital discourse. The network showed high resilience with 85% path reliability and demonstrated a consistent multiplier effect with a 1:5:15 ratio in message amplification. Bridge nodes (10–15% of accounts) played crucial roles in facilitating cross-cluster dialogue and maintaining network cohesion. The temporal evolution of discourse showed distinct phases, from initial factual reporting to later systemic analysis, with each phase characterized by different engagement patterns and narrative focuses. These findings extend existing theoretical frameworks while highlighting the need for more culturally nuanced approaches to understanding digital discourse in contexts of collectivist cultural dimensions. This study’s results have significant implications for digital literacy education, social media intervention strategies, and youth violence prevention efforts, suggesting the need for sophisticated, network-aware approaches that consider both structural dynamics and cultural contexts.

The transformation of the digital communication landscape has presented the phenomenon of information disorder that has the potential to construct symbolic violence, especially among Indonesian adolescent as active users of social media. This research aims to analyze how digital communication patterns in the form of information disorder shape and perpetuate symbolic violence, as well as its impact on the communication behavior and social interaction of Indonesian adolescent. Through a narrative literature review approach, this research integrates findings from various academic sources, focusing on the dynamics of digital communication, manifestations of symbolic violence, and interaction patterns on social media. The analysis reveals that information disorder has created new communication patterns that can systematically trigger and perpetuate various forms of symbolic violence in the digital space. Adolescents' vulnerability to this phenomenon is influenced by the complexity of interactions between digital communication patterns, socio-cultural contexts, and the characteristics of social media platforms. The identified impacts show significant changes in adolescents' communication patterns and social interactions, including transformations in the way they construct meaning, construct identity and establish social relations in digital spaces. The study also identified that effective communication strategies in impact mitigation should integrate digital literacy with Media and Information Literacy (MIL), supported by participatory communication and community empowerment approaches. The findings make a significant contribution to the development of a more effective communication model in protecting the digital well-being of Indonesian youth.