Spontaneous coal combustion adversely affects coal mine safety and restricts safe, efficient, and green coal mining. Inert gas fire prevention and extinguishing technology is a widely used fire prevention and extinguishing method in coal mines. CO₂ is often used as the primary raw material for inert gas fire prevention and extinguishing, owing to its good inerting and cooling characteristics. However, the lack of data on the physical and chemical properties and fire extinguishing mechanism of CO₂ by field personnel has limited the efficient application of CO₂ in coal mine fire prevention and extinguishing. To explore the practical application effects of CO₂ fire prevention and extinguishing technology on coal mine sites, this paper summarised and analysed the research and development status of CO₂ fire prevention and extinguishing technology and expounded the physical and chemical properties, phase characteristics, and fire prevention and extinguishing mechanisms of CO₂. The CO₂ pipeline, CO₂ pipeline intelligent monitoring and control system, CO₂ inerting mechanism, and comprehensive gas fire prevention and extinguishing technology are summarised and discussed. This study provides a systematic theoretical basis for the field application of CO₂ fire prevention and extinguishing technology.