Oil pollution is a worldwide threat to the environment that affects the development of plants. The effect of soil contaminated by diesel on the physiological responses of seedlings of Quercus oleoides was investigated in two independent experiments. We proposed that physiological performance will decrease when seedlings are exposed to higher concentration of contamination. At the first experiment, levels of pollution with diesel were of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, and 0%, 2% and 3.5% in the second one. In the first experiment, photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and total chlorophyll of Q. oleoides were higher in the control seedling, and lower in treatments of pollution with 5%, 10% and 15% of diesel during 3 days of treatment. Only, seedlings in soil polluted with 5% of diesel survived up to 16 days; they showed a photosynthetic rate of 5 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, which was lower than control seedlings (9 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). This pattern was observed in stomatal conductance, transpiration and relative water content. Surprisingly, in the second experiment, seedlings showed a higher photosynthetic rate and growth at 2% of diesel-contaminated soil than control seedlings, a phenomenon known as hormesis. In both experiments, soil respiration was proportional to soils contaminated. We concluded that Q. oleoides is highly vulnerable in soils contaminated with above 5% of diesel, but it maintains its physiological activities in soils contaminated below 2%, suggesting that seedlings can grow under low concentration of diesel contaminant, and may be used in phytoremediation of soils with low concentrations of diesel contamination.

Background: Cacao is an umbrophile species and therefore the handling of shade by producers can cause a microclimatic modification that influences the physiology of the plant. Questions: Can canopy management influence the microclimate of the crop area and the water content of cacao? Species of study: Theobroma cacao L. (Malvaceae). Study site: Comalcalco, Tabasco, Mexico; dry and rainy season 2018. Methods: Three sites were selected with an open canopy (OC) and three with a closed canopy (CC), where we determined air temperature and humidity, soil temperature, vapor pressure deficit, photosynthetically active radiation, soil water potential and leaf water potential in 15 cacao trees and the sap flow density in 12 trees, by canopy condition and by season. Results: Higher values of solar radiation, air and soil temperature, vapor pressure deficit and lower relative humidity were recorded under OC compared to CC, in both seasons. Differences in soil water potential between 10 and 60 cm depth in CC were recorded during the dry season. There was a lower sap flow density and daily water use in OC. The leaf water potential was similar between canopy conditions, in both seasons. Conclusions: Changes in canopy coverage significantly modify the microclimate of the crop area, a less stressful environment being generated under closed canopy conditions, influencing the sap flow density of cacao trees.

Background: Orchids constitute one of the most diverse group of plants, they provide a large number of benefits to human society. Questions: What are the ecosystem services provided by orchids? Data description: We performed a systematic review based on 413 articles, of which 224 provide relevant information, focusing on publications by ecosystem service category, continent, genus, and quartile of journal. Study site and years studied: studies of orchids on all continents from 2000 to 2021. Methods: databases reviewed were BioOne, CONRICyT, EBSCO, EndNote, Google Scholar, JSTOR, Mendeley, ScienceDirect, Wiley library, as well as reviews of specialized books. Results: We found 75 articles on cultural services, followed by 66 on provisioning services, 64 on supporting and 19 on regulating services. The Epidendroideae subfamily was the most mentioned with 90.9 %, with the genus Dendrobium having the most mentions (39.13 %). Most of the orchid ecosystem service research was conducted on the American and Asian continents, where cultural and provisioning services were prevalent, respectively. Of all the publications, 54.7 % belong to quartile 1, and 2.4 % to quartile 4. Conclusions: This research contributes to our understanding of ecosystem services provided by orchids, which may allow us a more comprehensive understanding of how human society benefits from orchids, and what could be lost if these species are not conserved and used sustainably.

El dosel de las selvas secas presenta cambios anuales drásticos de luz y disponibilidad de agua, debido a que la mayoría de los árboles pierde sus hojas durante la temporada de sequía. Las epífitas que ahí habitan presentan una morfología y fisiología adecuadas para tolerar la escasez de agua y el exceso de luz. Se estudiaron las respuestas fisiológicas de cinco especies de orquídeas epífitas en relación con la variación vertical del microambiente y a la estacionalidad en una selva baja caducifolia y en una selva mediana subcaducifolia, durante las temporadas de lluvias, nortes y sequía. Los cambios fisiológicos en las orquídeas fueron debido al efecto de los cambios estacionales en ambas selvas. Las orquídeas mostraron diferentes estrategias de tolerancia a la sequía: las hojas de Encyclia nematocaulon, Cohniella yucatanensis y Laelia rubescens, de la selva baja, mantuvieron su estado hídrico constante durante el año, pero disminuyeron su tasas de fotosíntesis durante la sequía. Aunque el estado hídrico foliar de E. nematocaulon y Lophiaris oerstedii, de la selva mediana, disminuyó durante las sequía, la fotosíntesis no disminuyó en L. oerstedii. Cohniella ascendens no mostró variación fisiológica estacional en sus hojas; se sugiere que esto fue debido a su baja densidad estomática y a la inclinación de las mismas, porque ello evita la perdida de agua y la exposición directa a la radiación. La especie más abundante, E. nematocaulon, mostró reducción foliar y estomas pequeños, lo que le confirió gran plasticidad morfológica y fisiológica para tolerar la alta radiación y la sequía en ambas selvas.