The nanotechnology revolution is developing daily all over the world. Soil-borne fungi cause a significant yield loss in mung beans. Our study was performed to identify the impact of different concentrations of MgO nanoparticles (MgONPs) and to assess the prevalence of Fusarium solani (F. solani) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) in mung bean plants under in vivo conditions and, subsequently, the remaining impacts on soil health. In vitro studies revealed that MgONPs could inhibit fungal growth. Mung bean plants treated with MgONPs showed a promotion in growth. The obtained MgONPs were applied to the roots of 14-day-old mung bean plants at a concentration of 100 µg/mL. The application of MgONPs at a concentration of 100 µg/mL caused an increase in mung bean seedlings. Compared to the control treated with water, plants exposed to MgONPs at 100 µg/mL showed improvements (p < 0.05) in shoot fresh weight (28.62%), shoot dry weight (85.18%), shoot length (45.83%), root fresh weight (38.88%), root dry weight (33.33%), root length (98.46%), and root nodule (70.75%). In the greenhouse, the severity of disease caused by F. solani decreased from approximately 44% to 25% and that by F. oxysporum from 39% to 11.4%, respectively. The results of this study confirm that the temporal growth of the soil microbial biomass was partially reduced or boosted following the nanoparticle drenching addition and/or plant infections at higher concentrations of 50 and 100 µg/mL while there was no significant decrease at the lowest concentration (25 µg/mL). The current research helps us to better understand how nanoparticles might be used to prevent a variety of fungal diseases in agricultural fields while avoiding the creation of environmental hazards to soil health.

Dual use of water for fish and crop production could be a promising approach to improve irrigation under arid conditions. A watercress pot study was carried out to assess the effects of irrigation by catfish and tilapia aquaculture water on the sandy soil properties as well as the growth parameters of watercress with various combinations of artificial NPK fertilizers at El-Minia Governorate of Egypt (28°18′16″ N latitude and 30°34′38″ E longitude). Catfish aquaculture water had the greatest phytoplankton abundance at 83,762 units (×10⁴/L), while the minimum number of phytoplankton existed in tilapia aquaculture water, recorded at 14,873 units (×10⁴/L). There were significant average changes that varied from 120 to 237 (×10⁴ cfu/mL⁻¹) in total bacterial counts in tilapia and catfish waters. Watercress growth quality parameters closely paralleled at all NPK application rates, indicating that the highest quality plants were produced in pots receiving 25% of the recommended levels and irrigated with catfish aquaculture water. Nitrate concentrations of watercress plants were determined under pollution levels established by the European Commission for leafy and tuber vegetables. In conclusion, the use of microbial and phytoplankton-rich aquaculture water to irrigate vegetables and as fertilizer can maintain a balanced soil ecosystem.

Sugarcane is an economic crop and one of the most dominant crops worldwide. This research aim was to evaluate impacts of long-term sugar cane monoculture on some groundwater physicochemical and biological properties as indicators of water quality. Survey study covering sugar belt area of El-Minia Governorate, Egypt was conducted. This study revealed that suitability of groundwater for irrigation falls under the degree of "severe" use restriction, and continuous use of this groundwater for irrigation may increase the salinity problem in the alluvial soils. Groundwater was highly contaminated by total coliforms, E. coli and faecal coliform bacteria under both sugar cane monoculture and crop rotation agricultural systems. The total coliforms population ranged from 360 to 362,Cfu/100 mL, the fecal coliforms population ranged from 212 to 215 Cfu/100 mL and the E. coli population ranged from 248 to 256 Cfu/100mL with insignificant differences between both agricultural systems. Under sugarcane monoculture, average concentrations of cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead in groundwater was 60, 1220, 1320, and 1250 μg/L, while the average concentrations of cadmium, chromium, nickel and lead were 57, 1220, 1350, 1230 μg/L under crop rotation with insignificant differences. The mean concentration of heavy metals observed in groundwater samples often exceeded the permissible limits for irrigation water specified by the World Health Organization (WHO). Based on these findings, it can be inferred that sugarcane monoculture has greatly degraded the quality of groundwater characteristics. This highlights the pressing need for implementing more sustainable management strategies to safeguard groundwater quality in the Nile Valley.

Leaching poses a significant concern in dry regions with sandy soils due to their inherentcharacteristics of low fertility, coarse texture, very low organic matter content, and limited waterretention capacity. The aim of this research was to minimize environmental consequences of applyingbiosolids compost at high rates to sandy soils under arid conditions in terms of inorganic nitrogen andheavy metals pollution. This investigation used a pot experiment that was incubated at a constanttemperature (25 0C) and comprised four application rates (0.0, 20, 40, and 60 t/ha) of compost, twomethods of application (mulching and incorporating) and two intermittent irrigation intervals (3 and 6days). Results of this experiment revealed that the nitrate concentration in soil leachate exceeded 50mg/L, a value considered highly poisonous if it exists in drinking water. Ammonia concentrationsexceeded 20 mg/L in the second leachate fraction but decreased to under detection limits in the lastfifteen leachate fractions for all compost treatments. The suggested maximum contamination level forgroundwater is 1.5 mg NH4-N-1. NO3-N concentrations in all soil leachate fractions were substantiallyabove the acceptable threshold in drinking water for people (10 mg/L) but far below the recommendedlevel in drinking water for cattle (100 mg/L). The findings provided strong evidence that the environmentis well safeguarded in terms of heavy metal concentrations in the soil leachate. From this research, itmay be stated that high loading rates of excellent quality compost to sandy soils is agronomicallyadvantageous with little potential environmental harm if handled effectively.