The nutritional requirements of novel microalgal strains are key for their effective cultivation and metabolite content. Therefore, the optimization of heterotrophic and photoautotrophic culture media is crucial for novel Chlorococcum amblystomatis growth. Heterotrophic and photoautotrophic biomass samples were characterized to identify the differences between their heterotrophic and photoautotrophic biomass composition and their biotechnological potential. Media optimization through surface response methodology led to 44.9 and 51.2% increments in C. amblystomatis-specific growth rates under heterotrophic and photoautotrophic growth, respectively. This microalga registered high protein content (61.49–73.45% dry weight), with the highest value being observed in the optimized photoautotrophic growth medium. The lipid fraction mainly constituted polyunsaturated fatty acids, ranging from 44.47 to 51.41% for total fatty acids (TFA) in cells under heterotrophy. However, these contents became significantly higher (70.46–72.82% TFA) in cultures cultivated under photoautotrophy. An interesting carotenoids content was achieved in the cultures grown in optimized photoautotrophic medium: 5.84 mg·g⁻¹ β-carotene, 5.27 mg·g⁻¹ lutein, 3.66 mg·g⁻¹ neoxanthin, and 0.75 mg·g⁻¹ violaxanthin. Therefore, C. amblystomatis demonstrated an interesting growth performance and nutritional profile for food supplements and feed products that might contribute to meeting the world’s nutritional demand.

A significant fraction of the food produced worldwide is currently lost or wasted throughout the supply chain, squandering natural and economic resources. Food waste valorization will be an important necessity in the coming years. This work investigates the ability of food waste to serve as a viable nutritional substrate for the heterotrophic growth of Chlorella vulgaris. The impact of different pretreatments on the elemental composition and microbial contamination of seven retail food waste mixtures was evaluated. Among the pretreatment methods applied to the food waste formulations, autoclaving was able to eliminate all microbial contamination and increase the availability of reducing sugars by 30%. Ohmic heating was also able to eliminate most of the contaminations in the food wastes in shorter time periods than autoclave. However, it has reduced the availability of reducing sugars, making it less preferable for microalgae heterotrophic cultivation. The direct utilization of food waste containing essential nutrients from fruits, vegetables, dairy and bakery products, and meat on the heterotrophic growth of microalgae allowed a biomass concentration of 2.2 × 10⁸ cells·mL⁻¹, being the culture able to consume more than 42% of the reducing sugars present in the substrate, thus demonstrating the economic and environmental potential of these wastes.

Microalgae are a promising feedstock with proven biostimulant activity that is enhanced by their biochemical components (e.g., amino acids and phytohormones), which turns them into an appealing feedstock to reduce the use of fertilisers in agriculture and improve crop productivity and resilience. Thus, this work aimed to isolate protein-rich microalgal mutants with increased biostimulant activity. Random mutagenesis was performed with Chlorella vulgaris, and a selection of protein-rich mutants were sorted through fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), resulting in the isolation of 17 protein-rich mutant strains with protein contents 19–34% higher than that of the wildtype (WT). Furthermore, mutant F4 displayed a 38%, 22% and 62% higher biomass productivity, growth rate and chlorophyll content, respectively. This mutant was then scaled up to a 7 L benchtop reactor to produce biomass and evaluate the biostimulant potential of this novel strain towards garden cress seeds. Compared to water (control), the germination index and the relative total growth increased by 7% and 19%, respectively, after the application of 0.1 g L⁻¹ of this bioproduct, which highlights its biostimulant potential.

Cyanobacteria are gram-negative prokaryotic microorganisms composed of both broad morphological and phylogenetic diversity inherited from diverse ecosystems like aquatic, terrestrial, or extremophilic environments. In this study, three cyanobacteria strains from the Blue Biotechnology and Ecotoxicology Culture Collection (LEGE-CC) were obtained from different environments in Portugal. Polyphasic analysis was applied for taxonomic identification. The proximate composition analysis indicated the lipid content (6.2% to 9.1% dry weight (DW)), protein content (28.2% to 62.9% DW), and carbohydrate content (19.5% to 46.1% DW). The fatty acid (FA) profiles of the strains revealed the presence of 19 different FAs, with FA 16:0 found in the highest abundance. The lipidomic analysis revealed 230 lipid species, with Laspinema sp. LEGE 06078 displaying the highest diversity (125 lipid species). These included species-specific and common lipids species that denote biochemical uniqueness that are also carriers of omega-3 FA (n−3). Biological assays exhibited strong antioxidant activity against ABTS^•+ and DPPH^• in Laspinema sp. LEGE 06078, while Sphaerospermopsis sp. LEGE 00249 was renowned for reducing lipids in zebrafish larvae. The findings are of immense significance on the lipidomics diversity of cyanobacteria in terms of nutrition, health, and biotechnology, such as addressing obesity and sustainable resource production.

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are extensively used worldwide, raising concerns about their potential effect on non-target aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the short-term physiological effects of a commercially available GBH on the seagrass Zostera marina under controlled mesocosm conditions. Z. marina individuals were exposed to three concentrations of glyphosate (0.165, 51, and 5100 mg L⁻¹) for 4 days, and the impacts on photosynthetic performance, growth rate, photosynthetic pigments content and energy metabolism were assessed. Exposure to 5100 mg L⁻¹ of glyphosate caused rapid water acidification and complete plant mortality within 24 hours. Exposure to 51 mg L⁻¹ of glyphosate significantly impaired photosynthetic efficiency and foliar growth rate. Energy availability, photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments content were highly disrupted at both higher concentrations. Exposure to 0.165 mg L⁻¹ of glyphosate decreased the foliar chlorophyll a/b ratio. These findings show that Z. marina can potentially be threatened by the presence of GBHs even at lower concentrations and underscore the necessity for monitoring herbicide pollution in coastal waters to protect seagrass habitats and associated ecosystems. Further research is needed to assess long-term effects and the role of herbicide formulations in mediating toxicity.

Glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) are extensively used worldwide, raising concerns about their potential effect on non-target aquatic ecosystems. This study investigated the short-term physiological effects of a commercially available GBH on the seagrass Zostera marina under controlled mesocosm conditions. Z. marina individuals were exposed to three concentrations of glyphosate (0.165, 51, and 5100 mg L⁻¹) for 4 days, and the impacts on photosynthetic performance, growth rate, photosynthetic pigments content and energy metabolism were assessed. Exposure to 5100 mg L⁻¹ of glyphosate caused rapid water acidification and complete plant mortality within 24 h. Exposure to 51 mg L⁻¹ of glyphosate significantly impaired photosynthetic efficiency and foliar growth rate. Energy availability, photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments content were highly disrupted at both higher concentrations. Exposure to 0.165 mg L⁻¹ of glyphosate decreased the foliar chlorophyll a/b ratio. These findings show that Z. marina can potentially be threatened by the presence of GBHs even at lower concentrations and underscore the necessity for monitoring herbicide pollution in coastal waters to protect seagrass habitats and associated ecosystems. Further research is needed to assess long-term effects and the role of herbicide formulations in mediating toxicity.