Non-tumorous kidney diseases include a variety of conditions affecting both the structure and function of the kidneys, thereby causing a range of health-related problems. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) has emerged as a potential diagnostic tool, offering a multifaceted approach to evaluating non-tumorous kidney diseases. Its clinical significance extends beyond its conventional role in cancer imaging, enabling a comprehensive assessment of renal structure and function. This review explores the diverse applications of PET/CT imaging in the evaluation of non-cancerous kidney diseases. It examines PET/CT’s role in assessing acute kidney injuries, including acute pyelonephritis and other forms of nephritis, as well as chronic conditions such as immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis and chronic kidney disease. Additionally, the review delves into PET/CT’s utility in evaluating complications in renal transplant recipients, identifying renal histiocytosis and detecting renal amyloidosis. The current review aims to promote further research and technological advancements to popularize PET/CT’s clinical utility in diagnosing and treating non-tumorous kidney diseases.

This retrospective study examines the diagnostic accuracy of ¹⁸F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT) and neck magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting nodal metastasis for patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) and assesses the predictive values of metabolic and structural features derived from ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT. By involving 66 patients from 2014 to 2021, the sensitivity and specificity of both modalities were calculated. ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT outperforms neck MRI for nodal disease detection, with 89% sensitivity, 65% specificity, and 77% accuracy for nodal metastasis (p = 0.03). On the other hand, neck MRI had 66% sensitivity, 62% specificity, and 64% accuracy. Approximately 11% of patients witnessed a change in their therapy intent when relying on ¹⁸F-FDG PET/CT nodal staging results. Analyzing the cohort for PET-derived metabolic and morphological parameters, a total of 167 lymph nodes (LN) were visualized. Parameters such as the LN maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), and LN size were computed. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses were performed. Among the 167 identified cervical LNs, 111 were histopathologically confirmed as positive. ROC analysis revealed the highest area under the curve for LN MTV (0.89; p < 0.01), followed by LN size (0.87; p < 0.01). Both MTV and LN size independently predicted LN metastasis through multivariate analysis. In addition, LN MTV can reliably predict false-positive LNs in preoperative staging, offering a promising imaging-based approach for further exploration.

Background: This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluates the safety and efficacy of emerging prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) radioligand therapy (RLT) agents used beyond [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). Methods: Systematic searches of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were performed from inception until November 3, 2025. Studies reporting objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (DCR), and/or toxicity outcomes were included. Meta-analytic pooling, assessment of publication bias, heterogeneity analyses, and subgroup evaluations were conducted using Stata software. Results: A total of 33 studies published between 2017 and 2025 met inclusion criteria, encompassing 3625 therapy cycles administered to 1525 patients. The pooled DCR was 86% (95% CI: 82–90%), and the pooled ORR was 57% (95% CI: 50–63%). [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA monotherapy, evaluated in 17 studies, achieved pooled DCR and ORR values of 88% and 62%. Eight studies assessing [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu/[²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA tandem therapy reported pooled DCR and ORR values of 84% and 51%. Five studies on [¹⁶¹Tb]Tb-PSMA demonstrated pooled DCR and ORR values of 81% and 46%. [¹³¹I]PSMA therapy, reported in three studies, resulted in a pooled DCR of 75% and pooled ORR of 48%. Adverse events were documented in 32 studies, with a pooled incidence of 26%. Most events were low-grade and reversible. Xerostomia and anemia were the most frequently reported toxicities, with xerostomia particularly associated with [²²⁵Ac]Ac-PSMA–containing regimens. Conclusion: These findings underscore the promising therapeutic potential of emerging PSMA RLT agents beyond [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-PSMA, with favorable biochemical responses and manageable safety profiles. Future large-scale prospective studies are essential to define optimal therapeutic roles and expand treatment opportunities for patients with mCRPC.