Background/Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of a cell-containing wound dressing based on fibroblasts in hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) gel for the local treatment of deep partial-thickness and/or full-thickness skin burns in an animal model. Methods: The rats (male Wistar, n = 100) were subjected to a full-thickness thermal burn (16 cm²). Radical necrectomy was performed one day after the burn. Three days later, the rats were randomly assigned to one of four groups: group 1 (no treatment), group 2 (chloramphenicol and methyluracil ointment, a routine clinical treatment), group 3 (a gel without cells, mock treatment), and group 4 (a dermal fibroblast-impregnated HEC gel). The treatment lasted for five days. The wound-healing process was evaluated by planimetric, cytologic, histologic, and immunohistochemical methods. Results: The differences in the rate of wound healing and the characteristics of wound cytology were identified. In the group 4, a regenerative type of cytogram was revealed, characterized by a significantly increased number of fibroblastic cells in comparison to samples from non-treated and mock-treated animals. Biopsy samples of burn wounds from animals in the group 4l demonstrated the presence of mature granulation tissue and a large number of microvessels. The repair process was stimulated, as evidenced by the increased thickness of newly formed granulation tissue and epidermis in the wound zone, elevated cellularity, and enhanced re-epithelialization activity. The number of Ki-67-positive proliferating cells was significantly higher in group 4 than in the control groups). A small number of non-proliferating donor fibroblasts was observed in the wound area 3 days after the end of treatment. Conclusions: The cell product is an effective agent for promoting wound healing during the regenerative phase. The experiments demonstrated that a gel populated by dermal fibroblasts can stimulate reparative regeneration processes in deep partial- and full-thickness burn wounds.

BACKGROUND: Burns remain a crucial part of the structure of injuries in Russia and abroad. Therefore, providing high-quality medical care to burn victims is relevant. Despite the large number of proposed solutions to this condition, developments in the field of tissue engineering and medical materials science still lack standardization and consideration of specific features of animal burn models for their testing. Many studies showed minor and major disadvantages from a technical and descriptive point of view. AIM: To analyze and identify the main disadvantages of existing burn models to assess the effect of wound healing agents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This article examines the search results in the databases Google Scholar and PubMed using the keywords “burns,” “rats,” “animal model,” and “wound healing.” Sixty publications were analyzed. RESULTS: Seven quality criteria for the animal burn model have been determined, which allow obtaining reliable results and reproducing the described experiment: indication of the terms of quarantine and conditions of keeping laboratory animals, detailed description of the technique of applying burn injury, presence of one burn on a laboratory animal, presence of a control biopsy, indication of the absolute value of the initial burn area, presence of surgical treatment of burn wounds, and correct use of formulas for the planimetric assessment of wound healing. CONCLUSIONS: A solution to the problem of creating a standardized model may be a more detailed description of techniques and following the proposed quality criteria.

BACKGROUND: Reconstruction of extensive defects to bone tissue is one of the important problems of orthopedics and traumatology. Especially in acuteis, the problem is associated with the restoration of bone tissue in conditions of its deficiency in pediatric patients. AIM: The aim of the study is to analyze modern methods of surgical treatment in children with extensive bone tissue injuries based on the published literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our report presents a review of the literature of methods of surgical treatment of extensive bone defects. The literature search was carried out in several databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, E-library, GoogleScholar for the period from 2005 to 2020, using the keywords given below. As a result of the search, 105 foreign and 37 domestic sources were found. After exclusion, 56 articles were analyzed, all presented works were published in the last 15 years. RESULTS: The gold standard for replacing bone defects is still the use of autografts, including the use of technologies on a vascular pedicle. Various types of xenografts and allografts of bone tissue are increasingly being replaced by various kinds of synthetic implants. CONCLUSIONS: To date, there is no single generally accepted standard for the surgical treatment of extensive bone defects. The option of surgical treatment of extensive bone tissue defects using tissue-engineered bone implants with axial blood supply seems to be extremely interesting and promising.

Polydactyly is a congenital anomaly characterized by the presence of supernumerary digits and represents the most common congenital malformation of the hand. Numerous operative approaches have been described, along with a broad spectrum of associated complications. The persistently high complication rate underscores the need for a detailed evaluation of this condition. This review aimed to assess long-term functional outcomes and identify effective surgical strategies for treating children with preaxial hand polydactyly by systematizing data on adverse outcomes. A scientific data search was conducted in PubMed, Google Scholar, and eLibrary using the keywords, хирургическое лечение / surgery, and полидактилия / polydactyly for the period from 2000 to 2024. The following parameters were analyzed: number of patients, sex, age, affected limb, follow-up duration, operative technique, outcome assessment scale, presence of complications, and reoperations. A total of 38 publications met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The dataset included 2752 patients: 1671 boys (60.7%) and 1081 girls (39.3%). The right hand was affected in 60% of cases (n = 1216), the left in 33% (n = 681), and both sides in 7% (n = 139). The total number of digits was 2949. A family history of polydactyly was reported in 4.4% of cases (n = 121). the dominant digit location was ulnar in 92% of cases (n = 1048), radial in 6% (n = 63), and in 2% (n = 24) both digits were equally developed. The mean age of patients at the time of treatment was 19.23 months. The mean follow-up duration was 70.9 months (5.91 years). According to the Wassel classification (1969), types IV (55%, n = 1201) and II (12%, n = 258) were most prevalent. Common surgical approaches included bony reconstruction (68%, n = 733) and simple phalangeal excision (15%, n = 165). The most frequently used outcome scales were the Japanese Society for Surgery of the Hand scale (34%) and the Tada score (20%). A total of 541 complications were reported (18.35% of digits). Additional corrective surgery was required in 7.36% of cases (n = 205), and among those with complications, in 38%. The analysis revealed a high frequency of suboptimal outcomes in children undergoing surgery for preaxial hand polydactyly. Bone-related complications were most frequently observed and led to reduced functional capacity of the thumb, highlighting the need for improved intraoperative and postoperative patient management strategies, as well as more refined preoperative planning.

Meniscal resection and meniscectomy are widely used in children and adolescents for both traumatic tears and congenital pathology—discoid lateral meniscus. However, accumulated data indicate a high complication rate after partial or total meniscus removal in childhood and adolescence, manifesting as impaired knee joint function and the development of arthrosis. Given the insufficient study of this issue, there is a need to evaluate the outcomes of meniscectomy and meniscal resection in pediatric and adolescent athletes. A selective review of 34 publications in the PubMed and eLibrary databases was conducted, addressing the outcomes of meniscectomy, partial meniscal resection, including discoid lateral meniscus, and organ-preserving meniscal interventions in child and adolescent athletes. The analysis included studies with a follow-up period of 5 years or more after the intervention, as well as longer-term studies, provided they contained clinically relevant data on medium-term hyaline cartilage degeneration, both for historical and methodological context. According to the analysis, in the long term after meniscal resection, adolescents and young patients frequently exhibit degeneration of articular cartilage, early signs of arthrosis, pain during physical exertion, and impaired knee joint function. The most unfavorable outcomes are observed after subtotal and total meniscectomy, especially of the lateral meniscus. Modern reviews and studies on meniscal suture confirm the advantage of the organ-preserving technique. The modern strategy for surgical treatment of meniscal pathology should focus on maximal preservation of the menisci.

Background. Amputation was historically the primary surgical intervention for children with limb bone sarcomas. However, the development and refinement of chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols, along with advances in surgical techniques and implants, have significantly altered the treatment landscape for these patients. Currently, limb-sparing oncologic arthroplasty is the preferred surgical approach for treating limb sarcomas in children. The aim of the systematic review is to analyse the outcomes of oncologic arthroplasty in children and adolescents. Methods. A comprehensive literature search was performed in Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and eLIBRARY databases focusing on the keywords “endoprostheses, tumors, children”, from 2000 to 2024. Data collection included patient demographics (number of patients, gender, age), follow-up period, disease diagnosis, tumor location, type of endoprosthesis, complications, functional outcomes based on the Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score (MSTS) in percentage, overall survival rates, and prosthesis survival rates. Results. The review included the data from 30 articles on a total of 792 patients aged 2 to 18 years, with 422 males and 370 females. The average age was 11.4 years, and the average follow-up period was 6.5 years. Osteosarcoma was the most common diagnosis, accounting for 716 (88.8%) cases, followed by Ewing sarcoma with 67 (8.3%) cases. Distal femoral arthroplasties were performed most frequently (573 cases, 71.1%), followed by proximal tibial arthroplasty (148 cases, 18.3%). The most commonly used type of endoprosthesis was the non-invasively extendable type (540 cases, 67%). A total of 756 complications were recorded, resulting in a complication rate of 96%. The complications were predominantly oncologic (188 cases, 25%) and pediatric orthopedic (166 cases, 22%). The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates were 81.68% and 77.63%, respectively, with an average prosthesis survival rate of 53.93%. Conclusion. The data obtained indicate an extremely high frequency of complications during oncologic arthroplasty in children, mainly of an orthopedic profile, which requires analysis and development of measures to prevent them, as well as organizational solutions for the correction of these disorders.