It is very important to enhance the risk resistance of the agricultural sector to realize the modernization transformation of the agricultural industry and strengthen the competitiveness of national agriculture. Based on the relevant spatial data of 30 provincial administrative regions in China from 2013 to 2022, this study constructs a multi-dimensional index framework to comprehensively evaluate the resilience of China’s agricultural economy by comprehensively considering the three key aspects of adaptability, management strategy, and innovation drive. This study adopts several quantitative analysis tools including the Theil index, global and local analysis of the Moran I index, and kernel density estimation (KDE), and further combines with the spatial Durbin model (SDM) to conduct an in-depth spatiotemporal analysis of the resilience of China’s agricultural economy. This study not only reveals the evolution trend of agricultural economic resilience in different times and spaces but also analyzes the differences in resilience among regions and its spread in space. Through these refined analytical tools, we aim to reveal how agricultural economic resilience changes over time, the differences in resilience levels among regions, and the geospatial interactions and diffusion. This study reveals a series of key findings: (1) The resilience of China’s agricultural economy shows a trend of steady improvement. (2) Differences within the three regions are the main factors generating differences in the development of resilience in China’s agricultural economy. (3) The resilience of the agricultural economy in different regions shows obvious spatial correlations. (4) Further analysis shows that the efficiency of agricultural production and the urbanization process have a positive direct impact on the resilience of the agricultural economy, and this impact has a significant positive spatial diffusion effect. Meanwhile, although the level of agricultural mechanization is not significant in its direct impact, it has a positive spatial impact on the enhancement of agricultural economic resilience in other regions. In addition, the restructuring of agricultural cropping has both direct negative impacts and positive spatial spillover effects on the resilience of the agricultural economy. Based on these findings, this paper suggests that agricultural policies should consider regional development differences, implement differentiated agricultural support policies, fully account for the spatial spillover effects of agricultural ecological efficiency, and strengthen the exchange and cooperation of resources between regions. This study deepens the understanding of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the resilience of China’s agricultural economy, reveals its inherent dynamic processes and spatial interactions, and provides valuable references for policymakers and practitioners to better cope with the various challenges encountered in agricultural production, and to jointly promote the sound development of China’s agricultural economy.

Cropland resilience is the ability of cropland systems to adapt and rebound from multiple stresses and disturbances. Cropland resilience is vital for ensuring national food security, promoting sustainable agricultural development, and adapting to global climate change. This study measures cropland resilience in China using the entropy method within the PSR framework. Additionally, it employs quantitative analysis methods, including kernel density estimation, the standard deviation ellipse, the Theil Index, and the geographical detector, to systematically examine the spatiotemporal dynamics of cropland resilience and its driving factors in China. The findings reveal the evolving trends of cropland resilience over time and space, highlighting regional differences and the spatial distribution of resilience. The study found the following: (1) The overall cropland resilience in China shows an upward trend, but there is uneven development among regions, particularly in the relatively lagging western areas. (2) There is a notable spatial imbalance in cropland resilience, primarily driven by intra-regional differences. (3) Stability of Grain Production; Total Grain Production; Fiscal Expenditure on Agriculture, Forestry, and Water; Soil–Water Harmony; and the Cropland Disaster Resistance Index are identified as key driving factors, with the influence of the Cropland Disaster Resistance Index notably increasing over time. (4) The study highlights the critical role of synergistic effects among these factors in enhancing cropland resilience, noting a significant strengthening of these synergies over time. The research results offer a fresh perspective on the role of cropland resilience in dynamic environments. They enhance our understanding of the spatiotemporal characteristics of cropland resilience, reveal its underlying dynamic processes, and provide a scientific basis for policymaking aimed at promoting the sustainable use and management of cropland.