Three-color electrophoretic display (EPD) is emerging as a display technology due to its extremely low energy consumption and excellent reflective properties. However, in the process of black and white color image transition, due to the different driving characteristics of red particles, the particles within the three-color EPD cannot be ideally driven to the target position, resulting in the appearance of a red ghost image. For this reason, this study utilized the COMSOL 5.6 finite element simulation method to construct a three-dimensional simulation model to explore the motion characteristics of electrophoretic particles, and then proposed a new driving scheme. The driving scheme aimed to drive red particles to the target position and eliminate the red ghost image by optimizing the pixel erasing stage and employing a high-frequency oscillating voltage. The final experimental results showed that after adopting the proposed driving scheme, the red ghost image was reduced by 8.57% and the brightness of the white color image was increased by 17.50%. This method effectively improved the display performance of three-color EPDs and contributed to the better application of three-color EPDs in the field of high-reflectivity and high-quality display.

Precise manipulation of two-phase flow in micro-confined electrowetting pixels is limited by contact angle hysteresis (CAH). To elucidate this non-equilibrium process, we establish a high-fidelity electrohydrodynamic (EHD) phase-field simulation framework. The model rigorously couples Navier–Stokes equations with molecular kinetic theory (MKT) to characterize energy dissipation at the three-phase contact line (TCL) and further integrates charge transport kinetics. Numerical results reveal CAH is driven by physical pinning and interfacial charge trapping, with the latter dominating interfacial retreat and causing significant residual displacement. Furthermore, analysis shows alternating current (AC) waveforms mitigate charge accumulation and promote depinning via micro-oscillations, minimizing the hysteresis loop compared to direct current (DC) waveforms. Additionally, an overdrive strategy utilizing a suprathreshold Maxwell stress pulse rapidly overcomes static friction. This strategy significantly improves transient dynamics, substantially reducing the time to reach 90% of the steady-state target from 19.6 ms (under standard DC waveform driving) to 7.4 ms. This work provides a comprehensive theoretical basis and design criteria for optimizing active driving strategies in optofluidic and digital microfluidic systems.

Optoelectronic devices have improved people’s quality of life and have received widespread attention for a long time