Cirrhosis is a public health threat associated with high mortality. Alcoholic Liver Disease (ALD) is the leading cause in Latin America and Metabolic Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) in western countries. In Mexico, ALD and chronic Hepatitis C Virus infection (HCV) were the most frequent aetiologies during the past decades. We aimed to describe the trends in the aetiologies of cirrhosis in a middle-income country. We performed a retrospective cohort study including patients diagnosed with cirrhosis between 2000 and 2019 from six different tertiary care hospitals in central Mexico. We collected information regarding cirrhosis etiology, year of diagnosis, hepatocellular carcinoma development, liver transplantation, and death. We illustrated the change in the tendencies of cirrhosis aetiologies by displaying the proportional incidence of each etiology over time stratified by age and gender, and we compared these proportions over time using chi square tests. Overall, 4,584 patients were included. In 2019, MAFLD was the most frequent cirrhosis etiology (30%), followed by ALD (24%) and HCV (23%). During the study period, MAFLD became the leading etiology, ALD remained second, and HCV passed from first to fourth. When analysed by gender, ALD was the leading etiology for men and MAFLD for women. The annual incidence of HCC was 3·84 cases/100 persons-year, the median survival after diagnosis was 12·1 years, and seven percent underwent LT. Increased alcohol consumption and the obesity epidemic have caused a transition in the aetiologies of cirrhosis in Mexico. Public health policies must be tailored accordingly to mitigate the burden of alcohol and metabolic conditions in developing countries. None.

La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) representa un importante problema de salud en todo el globo. Actualmente, es esencial para su prevención el conocimiento de los factores ambientales asociados con la enfermedad. Se reconocen diversos metales pesados, entre los que destacan el cadmio (Cd), plomo (Pb), arsénico (As) y mercurio (Hg), que están claramente asociados con la lesión renal y la progresión de la ERC. Estudios en animales y humanos demuestran, principalmente, una clara asociación entre la exposición a estos metales y la presencia de daño renal crónico, donde la fisiopatología de cada uno de ellos es importante para entender el mecanismo de daño renal. La presente revisión tiene como objetivo analizar, tanto la fisiopatología y manifestaciones clínicas de la nefrotoxicidad asociada a dichos metales, como los diferentes estudios que se han realizado en humanos y animales.

Objective: Lupus nephritis (LN) is associated with a poorer prognosis in Latin American populations. However, the contributing risk factors contributing to this remain to be fully elucidated. This study aimed to develop a prognostic model for poor renal outcomes in patients of mestizo descent. Methods: We conducted a multicentre, retrospective analysis including 290 adult mestizo patients with incident, biopsy-proven pure proliferative LN (International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society (ISN/RPS) class III or IV) from nine Chilean hospitals. Clinical, biological and histological variables were assessed. The primary outcome was a composite of stage IV/V chronic kidney disease, dialysis or death. Predictive variables were selected using multivariable Cox regression, and prognostic scores were derived accordingly. Internal validation was performed via bootstrapping. External validation included 93 Mexican patients, with model performance assessed using Harrel’s concordance index. Results: Two baseline factors were independently associated with poor renal outcome: estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min/m ² (HR 3.82, 95% CI 2.15 to 6.78; p2 (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.18 to 3.43; p=0.01). Patients were stratified into three risk categories according to the presence of none (low risk), one (intermediate risk) or both (high risk) of these factors. The likelihood of the primary outcome increased progressively across these groups: high versus intermediate risk (HR 3.22, 95% CI 1.64 to 6.34; p=0.001), and intermediate versus low risk group (HR 2.41, 95% CI 1.35 to 4.30; p=0.003). The three-tier model was replicated in the validation cohort with a concordance index of 79% (95% CI 71% to 87%; p<0.001) between predicted and observed results. Conclusions: Based on two readily available features at the time of diagnosis, the proposed model effectively stratifies Latin American mestizo patients with pure proliferative LN (ISN/RPS class III or IV) into three risk categories for poor renal outcome. This tool may support improved risk-based management in this high-risk population.

Background/Objectives: Two of the microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is the most common cause of non-traumatic blindness, and diabetic kidney disease (DKD); the latter generally requires renal replacement therapy. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of polymorphisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 (TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-6), as well as to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of T2D association with these microvascular complications. Methods: This study included 203 patients with T2D, of which 102 had microvascular complications: 95 with DR, 50 with DKD, and 15 with diabetic neuropathy (the latter were not included in the statistical analysis); those with T2D without confirmed microvascular complications were considered as controls. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from the patient’s medical records. Polymorphism typing of TNF-α rs361525 and rs1800629 and IL-10 rs1800872 and rs1800871 were obtained using MALDI-TOF MS. IL-10 rs1800896 and IL-6 rs1800795 were typed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The results of age, HbA1c, fasting glucose, and arterial hypertension are significantly associated in every group. The TNF-α rs1800629A allele and TNF-α rs1800629G/A genotype were associated with microvascular complications and DR. For IL-10-rs1800896, all the models were associated in DKD. The TNF-α rs361525-rs1800629GA haplotype was associated with microvascular complications and DR, while the IL-10 haplotype, rs1800872-rs1800871-rs1800896 GGC, showed susceptibility in every group. Conclusions: Our results show the contributions of the variants of these cytokines to these microvascular complications, but more studies are required to reach relevant conclusions.

Scleromyositis is a new clinical entity, which not only has clinical and histopathological components of systemic sclerosis and inflammatory myopathy but is also characterized by presenting unique characteristics, which may not be in the previously mentioned diseases. Up until now, there are no specific classification criteria proposed by the American College of Rheumatology or the European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR). This paper presents a case report of a female patient in her 60s who was admitted to our institution due to muscle weakness in her legs and dysphagia. Within her diagnosis approach, clinical characteristics compatible with autoimmune myopathy were found; however, she presented with anti-PM/Scl75 antibody-positive results. In this paper, we emphasized the clinical characteristics and forms of presentation of scleromyositis, additionally discussing the available treatment for this entity.