Batteries are central to the global energy system and fundamental elements for energy transition and future mobility. In particular, the growth in electric vehicle (EV) sales is pushing up demand for batteries. Most of the battery demand for EVs today can be met with domestic or regional production in China, while the share of imports remains relatively large in Europe and the United States. Boosting the industrial base for battery production is therefore a key task for the EU. To make its battery supply chains secure, resilient, and sustainable, the EU’s approach consists of improving cooperation among stakeholders, providing the sector with funding, and establishing a comprehensive regulatory framework. In this paper, an accurate review of the state-of-the-art of automotive batteries is provided, including the performance, safety, sustainability, and costs of the different battery technologies. The significant challenges the EU battery sector must face, such as dependencies on third countries and high energy and labor costs, are discussed. An overview of the present European regulation and of future trends is provided.

Lithium titanate oxide cells are gaining attention in electric vehicle applications due to their ability to support high-current charging and their enhanced thermal stability. However, despite these advantages, safety concerns, particularly thermal runaway, pose significant challenges during abuse conditions such as overcharging. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of various dielectric fluids in mitigating thermal runaway during overcharge abuse tests of cylindrical LTO cells with a capacity of 10 Ah. The experimental campaign focused on overcharging fully charged cells (starting at 100% State of Charge) at a current of 40A (4C). The tests were conducted under two conditions: the first benchmark test involved a cell exposed to air, while the subsequent tests involved cells submerged in different dielectric fluids. These fluids included two perfluoropolyether fluorinated fluids (PFPEs) with boiling points of 170 °C and 270 °C, respectively, a synthetic ester, and a silicone oil. The results were analyzed to determine the fluids’ ability to delay possible thermal runaway and prevent catastrophic failures. The findings demonstrate that some dielectric fluids can delay thermal runaway, with one fluid showing superior performance with respect to the others in preventing fire during thermal runaway. The top-performing fluid was further evaluated in a simulated battery pack environment, confirming its ability to mitigate thermal runaway risks. These results provide important insights for improving the safety of battery systems in electric vehicles.

Lithium-ion batteries currently represent the most suitable technology for energy storage in various applications, such as hybrid and electric vehicles (HEVs and BEVs), portable electronics and energy storage systems. Their wide adoption in recent years is due to their characteristics of high energy density, high power density and long life cycle. On the other hand, they still face challenges from a safety point of view for the possible faults that could generate several problems, ranging from simple malfunctioning to a dangerous thermal runaway. Overcharge is one of the most critical types of faults, and, depending on the level of abuse, it may trigger a thermal runaway. To prevent high levels of overcharge abuse, some cells include integrated protection devices that cut off the circuit when a critical condition is met. In this paper, the performance of these protection devices is evaluated to assess their effectiveness. The cells were tested at different ambient temperatures and current levels. In the worst-case scenarios, the maximum cell temperature slightly exceeded 70 °C and the State of Charge (SOC) reached a peak of 127% when the Current Interruption Device (CID) was activated. These conditions were not critical, so serious events such as thermal runaway were not triggered. These outcomes confirm the effectiveness of the CID, which always intervenes in maintaining a safe state. However, since it never intervened in the overcharge abuse tests, a specific set up was also used to investigate the operation of the other protection device, the Positive Temperature Coefficient.