The Internet of Things grew rapidly, and many services, applications, sensor-embedded electronic devices, and related protocols were created and are still being developed. The Internet of Things (IoT) allows physically existing things to see, hear, think, and perform a significant task by allowing them to interact with one another and exchange valuable knowledge when making decisions and caring out their vital tasks. The fifth-generation (5G) communications require that the Internet of Things (IoT) is aided greatly by wireless sensor networks, which serve as a permanent layer for it. A wireless sensor network comprises a collection of sensor nodes to monitor and transmit data to the destination known as the sink. The sink (or base station) is the endpoint of data transmission in every round. The major concerns of IoT-based WSNs are improving the network lifetime and energy efficiency. In the proposed system, Optimal Cluster-Based Routing (Optimal-CBR), the energy efficiency, and network lifetime are improved using a hierarchical routing approach for applications on the IoT in the 5G environment and beyond. The Optimal-CBR protocol uses the k-means algorithm for clustering the nodes and the multihop approach for chain routing. The clustering phase is invoked until two-thirds of the nodes are dead and then the chaining phase is invoked for the rest of the data transmission. The nodes are clustered using the basic k-means algorithm during the cluster phase and the highest energy of the node nearest to the centroid is selected as the cluster head (CH). The CH collects the packets from its members and forwards them to the base station (BS). During the chaining phase, since two-thirds of the nodes are dead and the residual energy is insufficient for clustering, the remaining nodes perform multihop routing to create chaining until the data are transmitted to the BS. This enriches the energy efficiency and the network lifespan, as found in both the theoretical and simulation analyses.

Intelligently connected automobiles have come a long way thanks to the deep integration of cutting-edge networked gadgets and advancements in automotive technology. The increasing connectivity of vehicles has introduced significant cybersecurity concerns, particularly in controller area network (CAN) bus systems, which are crucial for vehicle communication. For this, the research presents a novel hybrid model combining and integrating a long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network and bacterial foraging optimization (BFO) technique to address challenges like identifying fuzzy and denial of service (DoS) attacks on the CAN bus system. The model’s efficacy is demonstrated by evaluating various cyber-attacks from the Car-Hacking dataset. An adaptive feature selection method using BFO to identify optimal CAN bus characteristics for accurate attack detection. The LSTM-based temporal pattern recognition system detects anomalous message sequences and real-time countermeasures for mitigating DoS and fuzzy attacks. Reducing attack detection time to 0.0838 s, an enhancement over LSTM-AE, suggests improving detection speed. With a higher precision of 94.6% and F1-scores of 95.8%, LSTM-BFO outperforms other models based on accuracy, precision, and F1-score under the current experimental setup.

The Covid-19 pandemic has been identified as a key issue for human society, in recent times. The presence of the infection on any human is identified according to different symptoms like cough, fever, headache, breathless and so on. However, most of the symptoms are shared by various other diseases, which makes it challenging for the medical practitioners to identify the infection. To aid the medical practitioners, there are a number of approaches designed which use different features like blood report, lung and cardiac features to detect the disease. The method captures the lung image using magnetic resonance imaging scan device and records the cardiac features. Using the image, the lung features are extracted and from the cardiac graph, the cardiac features are extracted. Similarly, from the blood samples, the features are extracted. By extracting such features from the person, the method estimates different weight measures to predict the disease. Different methods estimate the similarity of the samples in different ways to classify the input sample. However, the image processing techniques are used for different problems in medical domain; the same has been used in the detection of the disease. Also, the presence of Covid-19 is detected using different set of features by various approaches.

The rapid development of intelligently connected automobiles has been greatly facilitated by the profound integration of technologically advanced networked devices and automotive innovation. The Controller Area Network (CAN) communicates to all connected devices called nodes inside a vehicle without verifying the addresses of those nodes to facilitate network connectivity within the vehicle. Because of this, it is highly susceptible since it lacks the authentication and authorization protocols, leading to all possible attack varieties. By integrating the Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) technique with a Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural network, the system presents a novel idea to identify and avert fuzzy and Denial of Service (DoS) attacks on the CAN bus system. The effectiveness of the suggested method is proven by extensive experiments conducted on real-world car hacking datasets. The related CAN data features optimized for feature selection can be retrieved using the BFO algorithm. The LSTM model's features identify irregular CAN bus activity by learning complicated temporal patterns and capturing long-term dependencies. The methods, like rate limits, filtering IDs of high-priority messages, and preventing malicious congestion, are implemented to avoid DoS attacks. System responses to fuzzy attacks include correcting abnormal communication patterns, avoiding random IDs, and filtering attacked data. The results show that the methodology improves the security of automotive networks by detecting CAN bus attacks with high accuracy, low False Positive Rates (FPR), and efficient attack prevention capabilities.