The healthcare industry has been transitioning from paper-based medical records to electronic health records (EHRs) in most healthcare facilities. However, the current EHR frameworks face challenges in secure data storage, credibility, and management. Interoperability and user control of personal data are also significant concerns in the healthcare sector. Although block chain technology has emerged as a powerful solution that can offer the properties of immutability, security, and user control on stored records, its potential application in EHR frameworks is not yet fully understood. To address this gap in knowledge, this research aims to provide an interoperable blockchain-based EHR framework that can fulfill the requirements defined by various national and international EHR standards such as HIPAA and HL7. The research method employed is a systematic literature review to explore the current state of the art in the field of EHRs, including blockchain-based implementations of EHRs. The study defines the interoperability issues in the existing blockchain-based EHR frameworks, reviews various national and international standards of EHR, and further defines the interoperability requirements based on these standards. The proposed framework can offer safer methods to interchange health information for the healthcare sector and can provide the properties of immutability, security, and user control on stored records without the need for centralized storage. The contributions of this work include enhancing the understanding of the potential application of blockchain technology in EHR frameworks and proposing an interoperable blockchain-based EHR framework that can fulfill the requirements defined by various national and international EHR standards. Overall, this study has significant implications for the healthcare sector, as it can enhance the secure sharing and storage of electronic health data while ensuring the confidentiality, privacy, and integrity of medical records.

Brain tumor diagnosis at an early stage can improve the chances of successful treatment and better patient outcomes. In the biomedical industry, non-invasive diagnostic procedures, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), can be used to diagnose brain tumors. Deep learning, a type of artificial intelligence, can analyze MRI images in a matter of seconds, reducing the time it takes for diagnosis and potentially improving patient outcomes. Furthermore, an ensemble model can help increase the accuracy of classification by combining the strengths of multiple models and compensating for their individual weaknesses. Therefore, in this research, a weighted average ensemble deep learning model is proposed for the classification of brain tumors. For the weighted ensemble classification model, three different feature spaces are taken from the transfer learning VGG19 model, Convolution Neural Network (CNN) model without augmentation, and CNN model with augmentation. These three feature spaces are ensembled with the best combination of weights, i.e., weight1, weight2, and weight3 by using grid search. The dataset used for simulation is taken from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), having a lower-grade glioma collection with 3929 MRI images of 110 patients. The ensemble model helps reduce overfitting by combining multiple models that have learned different aspects of the data. The proposed ensemble model outperforms the three individual models for detecting brain tumors in terms of accuracy, precision, and F1-score. Therefore, the proposed model can act as a second opinion tool for radiologists to diagnose the tumor from MRI images of the brain.

Major space companies are developing satellite mega-constellations to provide global Internet coverage and services. Limited battery capacity is one of the biggest obstacles on mega-constellations due to the restricted weight and volume of satellites. Massive Internet packet routing tasks pose a big challenge to the energy system in such mega constellations. Incorrect use of satellite batteries during routing phases may significantly increase the energy consumption and cause node failure quickly.Existing state-of-the-art works on energy-saving routing for satellite networks paid much attention on traffic distribution and end-to-end delay issues.However, these methodologies were using many real-time network information for optimization which is not practical in mega-constellations.Note also that these works did not consider energy efficiency and guaranteed end-to-end delay simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a novel deep reinforcement learning based energy-efficient routing protocol called DRL-ER, which avoids the battery energy imbalance of constellations and can also guarantee a required bounded end-to-end delay. In DRL-ER, satellites can learn a routing policy that will balance energy usage among satellites.Extensive simulation results show that our proposed DRL-ER protocol reduces the energy consumption of satellites in average by more than 55% compared to the current state-of-the-art work, and prolongs the lifetime of constellations significantly.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an essential technology for the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and intelligence-based applications. In the case of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), the WSNs play an important role in safety and efficient traffic management. Therefore, there is enormous demand for energy efficient WSNs for dynamic resource allocation in vehicles and infrastructures. This work presents a Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) technique model in WSNs, which addresses the Cluster Head (CH) recognition issue for MIMO sensor networks by using Back Propagation Neural Network (BPNN). The conventional CH identification suffers from a lack of location identification due to the dynamic and real-time environment. Thus, to obtain more precise positioning accuracy, the proposed work uses BPNN combined with a distributed gradient drop technique to calculate the position of the unknown CH. This reduces the distance estimation error, and the particle swarm optimization technique is further used to obtain the optimal weight and threshold of the network. The work is validated by using mathematical analysis, simulations, and comparison with existing techniques. The proposed model shows a better performance in terms of energy consumption, error rate, and computation time.

Cloud data centers (CDCs) have become increasingly popular and widespread in recent years with the growing popularity of cloud computing and high-performance computing. Due to the multi-step computation of data streams and heterogeneous task dependencies, task failure frequently occurs, resulting in poor user experience and additional energy consumption. To reduce task execution failure as well as energy consumption, we propose a novel AI-driven energy-aware proactive fault-tolerant scheduling scheme for CDCs in this paper. Firstly, a prediction model based on the machine learning approach is trained to classify the arriving tasks into "failure-prone tasks" and "non-failure-prone tasks" according to the predicted failure rate. Then, two efficient scheduling mechanisms are proposed to allocate two types of tasks to the most appropriate hosts in a CDC. The vector reconstruction method is developed to construct super tasks from failure-prone tasks and separately schedule these super tasks and non-failure-prone tasks to the most suitable physical host. All the tasks are scheduled in an earliest-deadline-first manner. Our evaluation results show that the proposed scheme can intelligently predict task failure and achieves better fault tolerance and reduces total energy consumption better than the existing schemes.