Immunotherapy, particularly that based on blocking checkpoint proteins in many tumors, including melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), triple-negative breast (TNB cancer), renal cancer, and gastrointestinal and endometrial neoplasms, is a therapeutic alternative to chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapies have the potential to target different pathways leading to the destruction of cancer cells. Although ICIs are an effective treatment strategy for patients with highly immune-infiltrated cancers, the development of different adverse effects including cutaneous adverse effects during and after the treatment with ICIs is common. ICI-associated cutaneous adverse effects include mostly inflammatory and bullous dermatoses, as well as severe cutaneous side reactions such as rash or inflammatory dermatitis encompassing erythema multiforme; lichenoid, eczematous, psoriasiform, and morbilliform lesions; and palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia. The development of immunotherapy-related adverse effects is a consequence of ICIs’ unique molecular action that is mainly mediated by the activation of cytotoxic CD4⁺/CD8⁺ T cells. ICI-associated cutaneous disorders are the most prevalent effects induced in response to anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4), and anti-programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) agents. Herein, we will elucidate the mechanisms regulating the occurrence of cutaneous adverse effects following treatment with ICIs.

Background/Objectives: This retrospective observational study aimed to analyze blood component utilization patterns and investigate associations between patient demographics, clinical parameters, and transfusion requirements at a major tertiary care center. Methods: The study analyzed data from 2867 patients at King Saud Medical City, Riyadh. Utilization patterns and correlations were assessed for packed red blood cells (PRBCs), fresh frozen plasma (FFP), platelets, and cryoprecipitate. Results: Significant correlations were found between age, hemoglobin levels, platelet counts, ferritin levels, and transfusion of specific components. Elderly patients received more PRBCs, FFP, and platelets, while younger patients received more cryoprecipitate. Hemoglobin < 7 g/dL was the most common trigger for PRBC transfusion. Platelet transfusions correlated strongly with thrombocytopenia, and elevated ferritin levels correlated with higher platelet transfusion volumes. Patients with hematologic malignancies, β-thalassemia, and sickle cell disease demonstrated distinct transfusion profiles. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of tailored, evidence-based transfusion strategies to optimize blood use and minimize risk.